Anglican chant
- Key People:
- John Marbeck
- Related Topics:
- psalmody
- psalm tone
- double chant
Anglican chant, simple harmonized setting of a melodic formula devised for singing prose versions of the psalms and canticles in the Anglican Church. The formula is made up of a reciting tone with middle and final cadences (mediation and termination), much like the Gregorian-chant psalm tones from which Anglican chant derives. When John Marbeck published The Booke of Common Praier Noted (1550), he used the first seven psalm tones for the canticles and tone eight for the psalms. Like Marbeck, various English composers used the psalm tones in their polyphonic (multipart) psalm settings, placing them in the tenor part “measured,” i.e., with a regular metrical pattern. The harmonic style of these polyphonic settings was probably derived from the continental falsobordone style, which also employed the plainsong psalm tones but in the topmost voice. The double chant (two successive verses set to different melodic formulas) traditionally dates from about 1700, but Robert Crowley’s psalter (1549) contains what is virtually the same thing. Triple and even quadruple forms also exist.
When the Restoration of the English monarchy was effected in 1660 and choirs and organists returned to their posts, a great need was felt for cathedral choral service settings. Thus, plainsong harmonizations again appeared, as in James Clifford’s Divine Services and Anthems Usually Sung in Cathedral and Collegiate Choires in the Church of England (1663). By the end of the 17th century English composers began to write their own melodies, using the recitation note and the cadences of the psalm tone as a framework but omitting intonation. In the 18th century the psalm tone melody was placed in the upper part if it was used at all.
After the Oxford Movement (promoting a reorientation toward Roman Catholic liturgy) began in 1833, parish churches turned to choral services, formerly confined to cathedrals. To facilitate better singing by lesser trained choirs, a method of pointing the psalms first appeared in printed form in 1837—a system of signs that pointed out how a text was to be fitted to a given chant.
A renewed interest in Gregorian chant sung in the vernacular was promoted by the Plainsong and Mediaeval Music Society (founded 1888). Francis Burgess in England and C. Winfred Douglas in the United States had great influence in the movement. In 1912 the English poet Robert Bridges pointed out that the chant must be fitted to the words and not the other way around. He gained the support of Dr. Hugh Allen at Oxford, and in 1925 the Psalter Newly Printed was published.