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In Malayalam the modern movement began in the late 19th century with Asan, who was temperamentally a pessimist—a disposition reinforced by his metaphysics—yet all his life was active in promoting his downtrodden Ezhava community. Ullor wrote in the classical tradition, on the basis of which he appealed for universal love, while Vallathol (died 1958) responded to the human significance of social progress. Contemporary poetry records the encounter with problems of social, political, and economic life. The tendency is toward political radicalism. Drama, native in Malayalam tradition, emerged in the modern period as farce, comedy, and satire but turned in the ...(100 of 82044 words)