counting-out rhyme
- Related Topics:
- children’s literature
- oral literature
counting-out rhyme, gibberish formula used by children, usually as a preliminary to games in which one child must be chosen to take the undesirable role designated as “It” in the United States, “It” or “He” in Britain, and “wolf,” “devil,” or “leper” in some other countries. Among the most popular rhymes are those having the refrain “Eeny, meeny, miny, mo.” Players form a line or a circle and a caller dubs each in turn with a word of the rhyme. The one on whom the last word or syllable falls is eliminated, and the rhyme is repeated until all are counted out except the one who is “It.”
Some of the rhymes are very old and remarkably similar from country to country. For example, the British “Eena, meena, mona, my,/ Barcelona, bona, stry” can be compared to the north German “Ene, tene, mone, mei/ Pastor, lone, bone, strei.” The “Eeny, meeny” refrain has been linked to sets of ancient numerals of uncertain origin still used in England by shepherds and fishermen in their work.
Sometimes terms of later currency are substituted for traditional terms if they capture the children’s fancy or complete a rhyme (e.g., “diesel,” “bikini,” or “Mickey Mouse”). Folklorists have also identified, embedded among the nonsense words and topical allusions, relics of ancient charms, Latin liturgy, or secret passwords of the Freemasons. Thus, a gibberish line such as “otcha, potcha, dominotcha” and its variants—“Hocca, proach, domma, noach,” “Oka, poka, dominoka,” “Hocus, pocus, deminocus”—can be traced to the solemn Hoc est enim corpus meum (“This is my body”) phrase of the mass.
Some folklorists have connected counting-out rhymes with ancient Druidic rituals of sortilege in which the victim on whom the lot fell was chosen for death. Remote as this may be, counting out is conducted by children with elaborate seriousness, and the one on whom the lot falls accepts it fatalistically.
In these rhymes the word “out” is often a prominent dramatic feature of the climax. The Scottish child may say:
Black pudding, white troot
I choose the first one oot
In the United States, children may say:
Icka backa, icka backa
Icka backa boo;
Icka backa, soda cracka
Out goes you!
The elimination may be further dramatized by spelling:
O-U-T spells out goes he
Right in the middle of the deep blue sea.