Abraham Mapu

Abraham Mapu (born January 10, 1808, near Kovno [now Kaunas], Lithuania, Russian Empire—died October 9, 1867, Königsberg, East Prussia [now Kaliningrad, Russia]) was the author of the first Hebrew novel, Ahavat Ziyyon (1853; Annou: Prince and Peasant), an idyllic historical romance set in the days of the prophet Isaiah. Couched in florid biblical language, it artfully depicts pastoral life in ancient Israel. The book attained immediate popularity and was later translated into several languages.

A teacher of religion and German, Mapu was an influential advocate of the Haskalah, or Enlightenment, movement. Influenced stylistically by Victor Hugo and Eugène Sue, Mapu’s novels romanticized a sovereign Israel and indirectly paved the way for the revival of Jewish nationalism and the Zionist movement. Other novels include ʿAyiṭ tzavuaʿ (1858–69; “The Hypocrite”), an attack on social and religious injustice in the Jewish ghetto; Ashmat Shomron (1865; “Guilt of Samaria”), a biblical epic about the hostility between Jerusalem and Samaria in the time of King Ahaz; and Ḥoze ḥezyonot (1869; “The Visionary”), an exposé of Ḥasidism, which was confiscated by religious authorities.