Albert C. Barnes

Albert C. Barnes (born January 2, 1872, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.—died July 24, 1951, Chester county, Pennsylvania) was an American inventor of the antiseptic Argyrol (a mild silver protein anti-infective compound for mucous membrane tissues) and a noted art collector, whose collection is a part of the Barnes Foundation Galleries.

Barnes grew up in poverty in South Philadelphia but managed to attend the University of Pennsylvania Medical School (M.D., 1892), supporting himself by tutoring, playing semiprofessional baseball, and boxing. In 1894–95 he attended schools in Germany to study advanced chemistry. When he returned to Philadelphia, he and a German chemist, Hermann Hille, devised the formula for Argyrol, from which Barnes made a fortune. He bought out his partner in 1907 and formed the pharmaceutical A.C. Barnes Company (which he would sell very profitably in 1929).

In 1905 Barnes built a mansion in Merion and began collecting paintings. In 1912 he commissioned artists Alfred Henry Maurer and William J. Glackens, the latter a former high-school classmate, to collect some Impressionist and Post-Impressionist paintings in France. He was sufficiently encouraged by their success to begin his own personal buying trips to Paris; he never again used an intermediary. His most successful trip was in 1922–23, when he purchased more than 100 paintings. Over the years his collection grew to include dozens of paintings by Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Henri Matisse, Paul Cézanne, and Pablo Picasso and more than a thousand other art treasures. He was one of the first American collectors to appreciate the art of Chaim Soutine and Amedeo Modigliani. Barnes’s taste also included the early American Modernists, Old Master drawings, African sculpture, and ironmongery.

The Barnes Foundation, housed in quarters next to his Merion home, was chartered on December 4, 1922, and opened in 1925. The 22-room structure displayed his collection in an idiosyncratic and highly personal manner that eschewed standard museum practice. The foundation also was intended to promote art education by providing art classes taught by a full-time staff and by establishing a publishing program. (Barnes himself wrote and coauthored a number of books on art.)

Barnes had a reputation for being paternalistic and hot-tempered, and he engaged in a number of public rows with employees, art critics, and museums. He died in an auto accident. After extensive litigation, the galleries were opened to the general public in 1961, ending a long-standing tradition of limited access. But zoning laws prevented easy accessibility and made it difficult to raise funds for upkeep. The foundation’s neighbours were also unhappy with the heavy traffic and inadequate parking. Courts ultimately allowed the collection to move to new purpose-built galleries in Philadelphia (designed by Tod Williams and Billie Tsien and opened in 2012) that attempted to keep the art displayed in the manner Barnes had dictated. The Merion campus remained home to the institution’s archives, arboretum, and horticulture program.