Andry Rajoelina

Andry Rajoelina (born May 30, 1974, Antsirabe, Madagascar) is a Malagasy entrepreneur and politician who served as president of Madagascar from 2009 to 2014 after coming to power in a coup. He again served as president (2019–23; 2023– ) after winning the 2018 and 2023 presidential elections. Prior to his terms as president, he served as the mayor of Antananarivo (2007–09).

Early life, family, and business endeavors

Andry Rajoelina is one of five children born to Yves Roger Rajoelina, a soldier and military instructor, and Olga Rakotomalala Rasoanjanahary. He spent his early years first in Antsirabe and then in Antananarivo, the national capital. In 2000 Rajoelina married Mialy Razakandisa; they have three children.

While still a teen, Rajoelina made a name for himself as a DJ and for promoting events. When he was 19 years old, he started an event production company named Show Business. In 1999 he created Injet, a digital printing company. The next year he took over DomaPub, his wife’s family’s billboard advertising company. He expanded his business holdings in 2007, when he purchased Radio Television Ravinala; he renamed the radio and television stations Viva Radio and Viva TV.

Entry into politics and clash with Marc Ravalomanana

In 2007 Rajoelina ran for mayor of Antananarivo, backed by his Tanora malaGasy Vonona (TGV; Young Malagasies Determined) party; the party’s acronym came to be used as a nickname for the fast-paced Rajoelina—a nod to France’s high-speed train, the TGV. He won the election, held on December 12, taking about 63 percent of the vote, and was sworn in shortly thereafter. As mayor he clashed with Madagascar Pres. Marc Ravalomanana, who had previously served as mayor of Antananarivo (1999–2001), over the city’s debts and other matters, and Rajoelina emerged as a leading opposition figure in the country. In December 2008, after Rajoelina’s Viva TV aired an interview with former president Didier Ratsiraka, the government shut down the station. Rajoelina began leading a series of protests against Ravalomanana the next month, accusing him of having misappropriated public funds and of ruling the country as a dictator, and called for him to step down.

The ongoing power struggle between the two men reached a boiling point in late January 2009, when dozens were killed during opposition protests that veered into violence. At the end of the month Rajoelina declared that he would be taking over as president and would establish a transitional government, and in early February Ravalomanana removed Rajoelina from his mayoral post. Tensions remained high over the next several weeks, periodically erupting into bouts of violence.

Rajoelina’s ascent to the presidency in 2009, the ensuing political crisis, and failed negotiation attempts

The political crisis weakened Ravalomanana’s support in the country. In March the military’s previous stance of neutrality in the conflict between Ravalomanana and Rajoelina began to crumble, and it became clear that Ravalomanana did not have the entire support of the armed forces. Meanwhile, Rajoelina continued to call for Ravalomanana to step down, which the president refused to do. Instead, on March 15 he offered to hold a referendum to help resolve the crisis, which Rajoelina rejected. The next day the military seized the central bank as well as one of Madagascar’s presidential palaces, where Rajoelina established a presence.

On March 17 Ravalomanana stepped down from office and handed power to the military, doing so with the goal of having a military transitional regime put in place. Within hours, however, military leaders transferred power to Rajoelina as the head of what became known as the High Transitional Authority. The international community condemned the military’s unconstitutional transfer of power to Rajoelina as a coup. Madagascar became increasingly isolated as the country was suspended from regional organizations and financial aid to the country was suspended. Domestically, unrest continued, and supporters of Ravalomanana regularly protested against Rajoelina’s administration.

Are you a student?

Get a special academic rate on Britannica Premium.

Subscribe

International attempts to mediate the crisis with Ravalomanana and Rajoelina as well as with Albert Zafy and Ratsiraka—two former presidents who still held political support in Madagascar—led to an agreement in August 2009 for a transitional unity government to be formed and for plans for future presidential and legislative elections. The deal soon fell apart, however, and in September Rajoelina unilaterally formed his own government, of which he was president; his actions were met with condemnation. The four Malagasy politicians came to another agreement in November, but the next month Rajoelina refused to participate in the last round of discussion to finalize the details of the transitional unity government. The remaining three former presidents and international mediators proceeded without him and came to an agreement, which Rajoelina refused to accept. On December 18, 2009, Ravalomanana, Zafy, and Ratsiraka announced that they would establish a transitional unity government. In response, Rajoelina sacked the prime minister, who had been appointed two months earlier as part of an earlier power-sharing agreement, and two days later Rajoelina said he would abandon the power-sharing agreement entirely. The standoff persisted until April 2010, when—after months of international pressure and, perhaps more importantly, days after the military presented him with the ultimatum that he resolve the ongoing crisis or they would take power—Rajoelina agreed to adhere to a plan for an interim government that had been proposed by South Africa, the Southern African Development Community (SADC) regional organization, and France. However, this too failed, and in May 2010 Rajoelina again unilaterally formed a government.

2010 constitutional referendum, attempted coup, and 2011 unity government

Rajoelina planned a constitutional referendum, which was held on November 17, 2010. Among its provisions was one that lowered the age requirement to be president, which would make Rajoelina eligible to run for the post. Notably, the proposed constitution did not set an end date for Rajoelina’s transitional government—it provided for the current leader of the transitional government to remain in place until a new president was elected—which elicited concern and criticism that Rajoelina could remain president indefinitely. The referendum was boycotted by opposition groups, and its legitimacy was criticized on the regional stage. On the same day that the referendum was held, a small faction of the army attempted to depose Rajoelina. The coup attempt failed, however, because of the support that Rajoelina enjoyed from the rest of the army. The new constitution was approved, with about 74 percent of the vote. It was promulgated in December 2010.

Meanwhile, Madagascar remained diplomatically isolated, and mediation attempts continued. In September 2011 another SADC-brokered agreement was signed, which led to the formation of a unity government, with Rajoelina still president, in November. Some opposition groups rejected it, though. Rajoelina and other political players continued to meet with the SADC to try to resolve political tensions and end the diplomatic isolation of the country.

2013 elections and post-presidency

In early 2013 both Rajoelina and Ravalomanana agreed to a SADC plan in which neither of them would stand for president in the election scheduled to be held that year. However, Ravalomanana’s wife, Lalao Ravalomanana, later announced that she would run for president; in response, Rajoelina reneged on his earlier promise and declared his candidacy too. These actions were not well received by the international community and resulted in funding for the polls to be withdrawn. In August 2013 the country’s electoral court barred their candidacies, as well as that of former president Ratsiraka, putting an end to the matter.

Even with Rajoelina and the others removed from the race, there were still almost three dozen candidates standing in the election, the first round of which took place in October. Hery Martial Rakotoarimanana Rajaonarimampianina, an ally of Rajoelina, won after the second round of voting, held in December. Rajoelina stepped down and transferred power to Rajaonarimampianina, who was inaugurated on January 25, 2014.

Rajoelina’s party had won a large share of seats in the National Assembly, and he briefly flirted with idea of leading the government as prime minister. In February 2014 he announced that he had ruled out that option. The relationship between Rajaonarimampianina and Rajoelina soon soured, and in May 2015 Rajoelina supported an effort to impeach Rajaonarimampianina, lawmakers accusing the president of having violated the constitution. Though the National Assembly vote in favor of impeachment was successful, the High Constitutional Court ruled in June that the justification for the impeachment was unfounded and rejected the National Assembly’s action.

2018 election and second term as president

Though Rajoelina had spent some time in France after stepping down from the presidency in 2014, he remained politically engaged in Madagascar. He, along with Rajaonarimampianina and former president Ravalomanana, were among the three dozen candidates running for president in Madagascar’s next election, held on November 7, 2018. Rajoelina and Ravalomanana emerged from the first round with the two highest percentages of the vote, about 39 percent and about 35 percent, respectively, and advanced to the runoff election. Rajoelina, however, rejected the results, saying that he had been denied an outright victory in the first round, though the electoral commission refuted his assertion. In the second round, held on December 19, 2018, Rajoelina was declared the winner, taking more than 55 percent of the vote. Ravalomanana disputed Rajoelina’s victory and sought to have the election results canceled, filing complaints at the High Constitutional Court. The court, however, upheld the results on January 8, 2019, and Rajoelina was sworn in as president on January 19, 2019.

A year into Rajoelina’s term, the world was gripped by the COVID-19 pandemic. He drew international attention when, in April 2020, he announced that Malagasy researchers found a herbal-based preventative and cure for COVID-19 and widely promoted it, even as it was untested at the time. In July 2021 he was reportedly the target of an assassination attempt; the plot was foiled, and several people, including high-ranking police and military officers, were arrested. Meanwhile, Rajoelina had unveiled his plan to revive the country’s struggling economy, Plan Emergence Madagascar; it was based on a similarly named initiative that he had presented during his 2018 campaign.

2023 controversy over French nationality

In June 2023 a controversy erupted when reports surfaced that Rajoelina had held French nationality since November 2014. This was considered problematic because of Article 42 of the country’s nationality code, which indicated that if an adult Malagasy voluntarily acquired a foreign nationality, they would lose their Malagasy nationality, and Article 46 of Madagascar’s 2010 constitution, which stated that a candidate for the presidency must be of Malagasy nationality. The opposition seized on this news as disqualifying Rajoelina from being able to continue to serve as president and filed complaints and legal challenges. However, in September the High Constitutional Court dismissed the challenges and approved Rajoelina’s candidacy for the next presidential election.

2023 election, controversy, and unrest

On September 6, 2023, Rajoelina officially announced what had already been widely signaled and presumed: he would be a candidate in the upcoming November presidential election. After the High Constitutional Court confirmed his eligibility, and in accordance with the constitution, he stepped down as president on September 9 in order to run for reelection. Under the constitution, the Senate president, Herimanana Razafimahefa, was supposed to assume the role of acting president, but he declined, and Prime Minister Christian Ntsay, a Rajoelina ally, assumed the role. The transfer of power was criticized by the opposition as an institutional coup. Further controversy erupted the next month when Razafimahefa said he had been pressured to decline the role of acting president but was now ready to accept it. The government’s response was to remove him as Senate president; he was succeeded in the position by another Rajoelina ally, Richard Ravalomanana, who also assumed the role of acting president of the country in late October. Opposition candidates decried the unusual series of maneuvers.

The 13 candidates standing for president included Rajoelina as well as former presidents Marc Ravalomanana and Hery Rajaonarimampianina. The campaign period was filled with tension as well as bouts of violence. A collective of 11 (later 10) candidates banded together and boycotted election campaigning, instead holding unauthorized rallies to protest the government’s handling of the election (which they said was rigged in Rajoelina’s favor), the dismissal of their concerns over Rajoelina’s dual nationality, and the maneuvers to fill the role of acting president. Many of the opposition’s rallies were dispersed with disproportionate force, leading to injuries. Amid the tense environment, the election’s original date of November 9 was pushed back one week, to November 16. As the new date drew closer, the political climate became even more inflamed, and there were calls for the election to be further postponed. The collective of 10 presidential candidates announced that they were boycotting the election and urged their supporters not to vote. Rajoelina was declared the winner of the November 16 election, taking almost 59 percent of the vote. He was sworn in for his new term as president on December 16, 2023.