Arghūn

Arghūn (born c. 1258—died March 10, 1291, Bāghcha, Arrān, Iran) was the fourth Mongol Il-Khan (subordinate khan) of Iran (reigned 1284–91). He was the father of the great Maḥmūd Ghāzān (q.v.).

Upon the death of his father, Il-Khan Abagha (reigned 1265–82), Prince Arghūn was a candidate for the throne but was forced to yield to a stronger rival, his uncle Tegüder. Arghūn thereafter accused Tegüder’s followers of having poisoned his father, protested Tegüder’s conversion to Islām, and, by the beginning of 1284, was at the head of a rebellion. After some reverses, he succeeded in overthrowing Tegüder and having him executed (Aug. 10, 1284); Arghūn was formally enthroned the following day and, as an ardent Buddhist, countermanded the Islāmic policies of his predecessor.

In 1289 Arghūn appointed an anti-Islāmic Jew, Saʿd ad-Dawlah, first as his minister of finance and then (in June) as vizier of his entire empire. The predominantly Muslim population may have resented the rule of a Buddhist and a Jew, but their administration proved lawful and just and restored order and prosperity.

In hopes of renewing the war against the Egyptian Mamlūks, Arghūn sought alliances with the Christian West—first, in 1285, writing Pope Honorius IV and then, in 1287, sending emissaries to such leaders as Pope Nicholas IV, Edward I of England, and Philip IV of France. Except for an exchange of letters, however, nothing came of this diplomacy, and the war was not resumed. Arghūn also showed interest in sciences and such pseudosciences as alchemy.

While he was dying, fevered and bedridden, in the winter of 1290–91, those factions opposed to Saʿd ad-Dawlah and Arghūn’s other favourites rose up and put them to death. After Arghūn’s own death, he was succeeded by his brother Gaykhatu (1291–95), his cousin Baydū (1295), and his son Ghāzān (1295–1304).