This play was staged seven months or so after both Cleon and Brasidas—the two main champions of the war policy on the Athenian and Spartan sides, respectively—had been killed in battle and, indeed, only a few weeks before the ratification of the Peace of Nicias (March 421 bce), which suspended hostilities between Athens and Sparta for six uneasy years. In Peace (421 bce; Greek Eirēnē) the war-weary farmer Trygaeus (“Vintager”) flies to heaven on a monstrous dung beetle to find the lost goddess Peace, only to discover that the God of War has buried Peace in a pit. With the help of a chorus of farmers, Trygaeus rescues her, and the play ends with a joyful celebration of marriage and fertility.

Birds

This play can be regarded merely as a “comedy of fantasy,” but some scholars see Birds (414 bce; Greek Ornithes) as a political satire on the imperialistic dreams that had led the Athenians to undertake their ill-fated expedition of 415 bce to conquer Syracuse in Sicily. Peisthetaerus (“Trusty”) is so disgusted with his city’s bureaucracy that he persuades the birds to join him in building a new city that will be suspended in between heaven and earth; it is named Nephelokokkygia, translatable as “Cloud-cuckoo-land.” The city is built, and Peisthetaerus and his bird comrades must then fend off the undesirable humans who want to join them in their new utopia. He and the birds finally even starve the Olympian gods into cooperating with them. Birds is Aristophanes’ most fantastical play, but its escapist mood possibly echoes the dramatist’s sense of Athens’ impending decline.

Lysistrata

This comedy was written not long after the catastrophic defeat of the Athenian expedition to Sicily (413 bce) and not long before the revolt of the Four Hundred in Athens, whereby an oligarchic regime ready to make peace with Sparta was set up (411 bce). Lysistrata (411 bce; Greek Lysistratē) depicts the seizure of the Acropolis and of the treasury of Athens by the city’s women who, at Lysistrata’s instigation, have, together with all the women of Greece, declared a sex strike until such time as the men will make peace. The women defy their menfolk until the peace is arranged, after which both the Athenian and Spartan wives are reunited with their husbands. The play is a mixture of humour, indecency, gravity, and farce.

Women at the Thesmophoria

In Women at the Thesmophoria (411 bce; Greek Thesmophoriazousai) Euripides has discovered that the women of Athens, angered by his constant attacks upon them in his tragedies, mean to discuss during their coming festival (the Thesmophoria) the question of contriving his death. Euripides tries to persuade the effeminate Agathon, a tragic poet, to plead his cause. Agathon refuses, and Euripides persuades his brother-in-law Mnesilochus to undertake the assignment. Mnesilochus is disguised with great thoroughness as a woman and sent on his mission, but his true sex is discovered and he is at once seized by the women. There follow three scenes in which he tries unsuccessfully to escape; all three involve brilliant parodies of Euripides’ tragedies, and all three attempts fail. Finally, Euripides himself arrives and succeeds in rescuing his advocate by promising never again to revile women.

Frogs

This is a literary comedy. In Frogs (405 bce; Greek Batrachoi) Dionysus, the god of drama, is concerned about the poor quality of present-day tragedy in Athens now that his recent favourite, Euripides, is dead. Dionysus disguises himself as the hero Heracles and goes down to Hades to bring Euripides back to the land of the living. However, as a result of a competition arranged between Euripides and his great predecessor, Aeschylus, Dionysus is won over to the latter’s cause and returns to earth with Aeschylus instead, as the one more likely to help Athens in its troubles.

Women at the Ecclesia

In Women at the Ecclesia (c. 392 bce; Greek Ekklēsiazousai) the women of Athens dress as men, take over the Ecclesia (the Athenian democratic assembly), and introduce a communistic system of wealth, sex, and property.

Wealth

The last of Aristophanes’ plays to be performed in his lifetime, Wealth (388 bce; Greek Ploutos; also called “the second Wealth” to distinguish it from an earlier play, now lost, of the same title) is a somewhat moralizing work. It may have inaugurated the Middle Comedy.

Shortly after producing Wealth, Aristophanes died, leaving two plays (which have not survived), the Aiolosikon and the Kokolos, which his son staged (c. 387 bce); both of them are generally assumed to have been mythological burlesques.