Eagle Woman

Eagle Woman (born 1820, near Big Bend of the Missouri River [in what is now South Dakota], U.S.—died December 18, 1888, Miles City, Montana) was a Native American peace activist who was a strong advocate of the Teton (or Western Sioux) people.

Born along the banks of the Missouri River, Eagle Woman That All Look At spent her early years on the western plains of modern-day South Dakota, far from contact with white civilization. However, the influx of whites into the Great Plains during the 1830s and ’40s had a profound effect on Eagle Woman and her people. Following the death of her parents, she married Honore Picotte, a general agent for the American Fur Company. They had two daughters, Lulu and Louise, and were married for 10 years. In 1848 Picotte left Eagle Woman to return to his white wife in St. Louis, Missouri, and in 1850 she married Charles Galpin, also an employee of the American Fur Company.

With Eagle Woman’s help, Galpin used his Sioux connections to become a prominent trader at the Grand River Agency. Together they resolved many tense conflicts between Native Americans and white traders. Eagle Woman even risked her life on several occasions to mitigate violence. Eagle Woman’s courage and diplomacy made her a well-respected figure in both the Native American and white communities, though some Sioux leaders disagreed with her methods of compromise with the whites. Her second marriage resulted in two more daughters, Annie and Alma Jane, and three sons, Samuel, Robert, and Richard.

Following her husband’s death on November 30, 1869, Eagle Woman assumed her husband’s role as a trader on the Sioux reservation, one of the first women to assume that position. Although she was noted for her generosity, she was also committed to seeing her people sustain themselves independently of the white population. Above all she believed that the Sioux had to live peacefully with the whites or face annihilation. Her commitment to peace caused her to shun trade in arms and ammunition.

When gold was discovered in the Black Hills in 1874, the influx of prospectors threatened the fragile peace that existed between the Sioux and the whites. Eagle Woman worked tirelessly to maintain peace between her people and the invading whites, who were in violation of the Treaty of Fort Laramie, which she and Galpin had encouraged native leaders to sign in 1868. When the Sioux War broke out in 1876, the government refused to supply provisions for the Sioux reservation until the tribe agreed to cede the Black Hills. Government commissioners attempted to force the Sioux to accept a new treaty that would have ceded the disputed lands to the United States. Although Eagle Woman played a role as a translator for her people during those negotiations, she did not support the Standing Rock treaty. When the Sioux War ended in the early 1880s, Eagle Woman again played an instrumental role in easing the transition to reservation living for her people. She died peacefully at the home of her daughter Alma.