Go-Daigo

Go-Daigo (born Nov. 26, 1288, Kyōto—died Sept. 19, 1339, Mount Yoshino, south of Nara, Japan) was the emperor of Japan (1318–39), whose efforts to overthrow the shogunate and restore the monarchy led to civil war and divided the imperial family into two rival factions.

Early years.

Takaharu ascended the throne at a time when the nation was in one of the more turbulent periods of its history. Political authority was uncertainly divided between two governments—the de jure government of the emperor and his court in Kyōto, and the de facto government of the shogun (the military overlord) and his court in Kamakura in eastern Japan. Neither government was stable and united, and neither emperor nor shogun actually wielded authority in his respective government, each having become the puppet of powerful families.

In Kyōto, political authority was still further diffused by the introduction in the 11th century of a curious practice known as insei (“cloistered rule”). Emperors, in their desire to recover their prerogatives, abdicated and entered a monastery, where they organized a new government and proceeded to rule from retirement. A minor would be placed on the vacated throne and would await the day he, too, could retire so that he could begin to rule. Of Takaharu’s seven immediate predecessors, six were minors, one of whom acceded at the age of three and another at seven.

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Adding to the political confusion in Kyōto was the practice of alternating the throne between the senior and junior branches of the imperial family, which had been feuding over the question of succession for years. It was in accordance with the agreement forced upon the quarreling factions by the shogunate that Takaharu, of the junior branch, ascended the throne in 1318 and took the reign name Go-Daigo (“Later Daigo”).

No less anomalous was the situation in Kamakura, where control of the shogunate had passed from the Minamoto to the Hōjō family. Not being eligible for the office of shogun, the Hōjō were content to rule as regents for the puppet shoguns they appointed, at first from among the younger scions of the Fujiwara family and later from the Imperial family. But by the 14th century Hōjō influence itself had declined considerably, and the regency had become the instrument of yet another family, the Nagasaki. Its ascendancy was facilitated by the youth of the regent, Hōjō Takatoki, who, at investiture, was only eight years old. As he grew to manhood, his questionable intelligence and dissolute ways—spending much time, for example, watching dogfights—led to a widespread loss of confidence in the shogunate. Further alienation of many traditional supporters of the shogunate was caused by the favouritism to friends and relatives shown by Nagasaki Takasuke, the man who controlled the regent.

Overthrow of the shogunate.

In view of these and other signs of growing discontent, Go-Daigo, even before his enthronement, began to plot the overthrow of the shogunate and the restoration to power of the Imperial court. He continued these secret efforts after his installation and throughout the decade of the 1320s with encouraging results, but in 1331 the plot was exposed. Captured by Kamakura forces while attempting to flee from Kyōto, Go-Daigo was sent into exile to the Oki Islands in the Sea of Japan.

But the Emperor had triggered the revolt he had plotted so long. During his first year of confinement there was sporadic fighting between his supporters and those of the shogunate, and in 1333 decisive events, marked by much treachery and violence, took place. The commander of some of the shogunate’s forces turned and attacked Kamakura instead of the shogunate’s enemies. Caught by surprise, Hōjō Takatoki and his supporters chose to take their own lives, thus bringing to an end the 150-year regime of Japan’s first military government. Equally dramatic was the defection of Ashikaga Takauji, who was in command of the main armies of the shogunate. Instead of seizing Kyōto for the shogunate, he attacked the shogunate garrison there and turned the city over to the Emperor, who, in the meantime, had contrived to escape from Oki.

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If Go-Daigo was grateful to the former vassals of the Hōjō for having made possible the “Kemmu restoration,” as this series of events is known, he failed to show it. He neither rewarded them nor brought them into his new government, except for Takauji, who was given some lands and the comparatively low rank of counsellor. Takauji expected to be designated shogun, but Go-Daigo foolishly named his own son, Prince Morinaga, to the post. By such callous acts the sovereign alienated Takauji as well as a large segment of the warrior class at a time when their continued support would have assured the success of the restoration. In fact, historians are generally agreed that Go-Daigo’s greatest failing—and the cause of many of his troubles—was his inability to see that rule by a strictly civilian aristocracy was no longer feasible.

By 1335 open warfare broke out between Takauji, who proclaimed himself shogun, and Go-Daigo, who pronounced him a rebel. Although the loyalists distinguished themselves in battle, in the end they were overpowered by the numerically superior forces of Takauji, who had gone as far as Kyushu in the southwest to raise a vast army. In 1336 the Emperor, who had fled from Kyōto a number of times as the tide of battle flowed in and around the city, left the ancient capital for the last time. Takauji reentered Kyōto and promptly elevated Kōgon, of the senior Imperial line, to the throne. Go-Daigo established his own court in the Yoshino Mountains to the south of Nara, where he died in 1339. Thus, from 1336 until 1392, when the rival factions of the Imperial family were to be reunited, Japan witnessed the spectacle of two contending Imperial courts—the southern court of Go-Daigo and his descendants, whose sphere of influence was restricted to the immediate vicinity of the Yoshino Mountains, and the northern court of Kōgon and his descendants, which was under the domination of the Ashikaga family.