Gregory Bateson

Gregory Bateson (born May 9, 1904, Grantchester, England—died July 4, 1980, San Francisco, California, U.S.) was a British-born American anthropologist who greatly contributed to the field of cybernetics. He championed the idea that psychological disorders, particularly schizophrenia, were ultimately communication problems that arose because of situations involving a “double bind” before turning his attention to animal communication. Though Bateson’s ideas are often at odds with modern psychological practice, they remain important for their role in the development of cybernetics.

Early life and anthropology career

Gregory Bateson was the youngest of the three sons of geneticist William Bateson and his wife, Beatrice Bateson (née Durham). Gregory attended Cambridge University. His parents expected him follow in the footsteps of his elder brothers and study zoology, especially after his brothers’ untimely deaths, but Gregory studied anthropology instead. He turned his 1925 trip to the Galapagos Islands—initially conceived as a recreation of Charles Darwin’s fieldwork—into a study of the human inhabitants of the area. Between 1929 and 1933 Bateson undertook a field project in New Guinea, living among the Iatmul people on the Sepik River. This research led to his book Naven (1936), a groundbreaking study of cultural symbolism and ritual.

Bateson met American anthropologist Margaret Mead in late 1932 when she arrived at his field site while doing fieldwork of her own. The two later married, in 1936, before embarking on a photography-based project in Bali, resulting in their cowritten volume Balinese Character: A Photographic Analysis (1942). They returned to New Guinea to do a similar photographic study among the Iatmul in 1938. Bateson and Mead had one daughter, Mary Catherine Bateson, who also became an anthropologist.

Cybernetics and later life

Soon after his divorce from Margaret Mead, in 1950, Bateson became interested in cybernetics, or “the science of control and communications in the animal and machine,” according to mathematician Norbert Wiener, one of the field’s founders. This was Bateson’s main focus as he worked for the Veterans Administration Hospital in Palo Alto, California, as an ethnologist in 1949–1962. While in Palo Alto, Bateson researched schizophrenia. He asserted that the condition was fundamentally a problem of communication within the patient’s family unit and was caused by the patient being in “double bind” situations, in which the patient received contradictory messages from loved ones. This hypothesis put Bateson at odds with mainstream psychiatrists, who believed that schizophrenia had a biological origin. After his work in Palo Alto, Bateson went on to study dolphin communication in Hawaii and eventually published a number of his papers in the book Steps to an Ecology of Mind (1972). His final volume, Mind and Nature: A Necessary Unity, synthesized the ideas he had developed over the course of his career. It was published the year before his death in 1980.

During the latter part of his career Bateson married two more times—first to Betty Sumner, his secretary in Palo Alto, then to Lois Cammack, a psychiatric social worker. He had an additional daughter, a son, and a stepson.