John Brennan

John Brennan (born September 22, 1955, North Bergen, New Jersey, U.S.) is an American intelligence officer who served as director (2013–17) of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). He was the first individual to rise through the ranks of the agency to become its director since Robert M. Gates did so in the early 1990s.

Brennan was the son of Irish immigrants. He grew up in North Bergen, New Jersey, and attended St. Joseph of the Palisades High School in West New York, New Jersey, before earning a B.A. in political science from Fordham University in New York City in 1977. As an undergraduate he also studied at the American University in Cairo (1975–76), where he learned Arabic. In 1980 he was awarded an M.A. in government (with a concentration in Middle Eastern studies) from the University of Texas at Austin.

Responding to an employment listing in The New York Times, Brennan began his long career in the CIA in 1980. After joining the Directorate of Intelligence (DI), the agency’s analytic branch, in 1981, he served with the State Department as a political officer at the U.S. embassy in Jiddah, Saudi Arabia (1982–84). He then had a variety of analytic assignments in the DI’s Office of Near Eastern and South Asian Analysis (1984–89) before directing terrorism analysis at the Director of Central Intelligence’s Counterterrorist Center in the early 1990s. After acting as the CIA’s daily intelligence briefer for U.S. Pres. Bill Clinton (1994–95), he served as the agency’s chief of station in Saudi Arabia (1996–99), as chief of staff to CIA Director George Tenet (1999–2001), and as the CIA’s deputy executive director (2001–03). Thereafter he spearheaded the efforts of a number of agencies in forming the organization that became the National Counterterrorism Center, which he led as interim director before retiring from the CIA in 2005.

Brennan’s tenure in the private sector as the president and CEO of the Analysis Corporation (2005–09) and chairman of the board of the nonprofit Intelligence and National Security Alliance was relatively short-lived. Newly elected U.S. Pres. Barack Obama, having found that he and Brennan shared a similar philosophy regarding the role of the CIA, considered appointing Brennan head of the agency in 2008; however, Obama balked in response to accusations of Brennan’s involvement in the “enhanced interrogation techniques” practiced during the administration of Pres. George W. Bush, which had come under criticism as amounting to torture. Instead, Brennan became assistant to the president for homeland security and counterterrorism for roughly the next four years, helping shape U.S. policy in response to terrorism and cyberattacks as well as to pandemics and disasters.

In that capacity Brennan also played a key role in overseeing the CIA’s controversial use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), so-called drones, to target terrorists in Pakistan and Yemen. Brennan’s role in that program and the extent of his involvement in and knowledge of severe interrogation methods such as waterboarding during the Bush era were the subject of pointed questioning during his confirmation hearings after Obama nominated him to succeed David Petraeus as head of the CIA in January 2013. Emphasizing that he had not been part of the chain of command involved in interrogation methods, Brennan said that he had expressed personal opposition to waterboarding but made no attempt to stop the agency’s practice of it. Although Brennan was taken to task for that and for issues regarding the secrecy and legal basis of the drone program, his appointment was approved by the Senate 63–34, but not before Republican Sen. Rand Paul staged a 13-hour filibuster, which he used to get the administration to confirm that it would not employ a drone strike against a U.S. citizen who, in Attorney General Eric Holder’s words, “was not engaged in combat on American soil.”

During his tenure, Brennan notably oversaw the CIA’s investigation into possible Russian interference in the 2016 U.S. presidential election. Along with numerous other intelligence agencies, the CIA concluded that Russia had engaged in a systematic effort to influence the election for Republican Donald Trump, who ultimately defeated Democrat Hillary Clinton. After Obama’s presidency ended in 2017, Brennan left the CIA. He was highly critical of Trump, at one point calling him “treasonous.” Trump, who denied wrongdoing, alleged that Brennan’s behaviour was “erratic.” In August 2018 he revoked Brennan’s security clearance. Many, however, believed that Trump’s actions were in retaliation to Brennan’s criticism. Brennan later published Undaunted: My Fight Against America’s Enemies, at Home and Abroad (2020).