Kumari Mayawati

Kumari Mayawati (born January 15, 1956, Delhi, India) is an Indian politician and government official. As a longtime major figure in the Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP), she represented and was an advocate for people at the lowest levels of the Hindu social system in India—those officially designated as members of the Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and Other Backward Classes—in particular Dalits (Scheduled Castes, formerly called untouchables). She was active at both the national and Uttar Pradesh state levels, notably serving several terms as the chief minister of that state.

Mayawati was one of nine children in a low-income Dalit family in Delhi. She completed two bachelor’s degrees and later earned a law degree at the University of Delhi. Between 1977 and 1984 she served as a teacher in Delhi. She first encountered Dalit activist Kanshi Ram in 1977. Ram, who would found the BSP in 1984, became Mayawati’s political mentor. She joined the party at its founding and was named its president in 2003.

Mayawati first ran for public office in 1985 in an unsuccessful attempt to win a seat in the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Indian parliament. She lost again in 1987 but was elected to the chamber in 1989 from a constituency in Uttar Pradesh. She was reelected three times to the Lok Sabha (1998, 1999, and 2004) and was also elected three times to the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of parliament (1994, 2004 [after resigning from the Lok Sabha], and 2012).

Although Mayawati was influential at the national level, she made her greatest mark in Uttar Pradesh. Her first stint as chief minister, in 1995, was brief (only for four months), but it was the first time a Dalit woman had reached such a high level of governance. Over the next several years she served two more short terms in that office: 6 months in 1997 and almost 17 months in 2002–03. In 2007 the BSP won a majority of seats in elections for the Uttar Pradesh state assembly, and Mayawati became chief minister for a fourth time, her term lasting the full five years (2007–12).

Mayawati’s tenures as chief minister—particularly her fourth one—were marred by allegations of corruption, poor governance, and self-aggrandizement, and her commitment toward the lot of the lower castes was questioned. Over time she amassed considerable wealth (which she attributed to political donations) that included numerous parcels of real-estate property and bank accounts and a fleet of more than a dozen airplanes and helicopters that were ostensibly used for political campaigning. Mayawati became especially known for her lavish birthday celebrations, which captured newspaper headlines each year.

Mayawati’s administrations oversaw the erection of hundreds of statues of her and other BSP figures—at great cost to the state—in public parks and other areas throughout Uttar Pradesh. A major project to beautify the areas around the Taj Mahal monument in Agra was riddled with allegations of corruption, and a lawsuit against her eventually ended up in the Indian Supreme Court. Other corruption charges against her were also investigated but were later dismissed by the courts.

After she took over the leadership of the BSP, Mayawati embarked on a political strategy that involved co-opting upper-caste Brahmans—this despite having earlier identified the upper castes as the reason for the misery of the lower castes. In 2004 she had chosen Satish Chandra Mishra, a Brahman lawyer, to be the party’s general secretary. In the 2007 state legislative assembly elections, her policy of including people from upper castes paid a rich dividend in the BSP victory that year.

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In spite of Mayawati’s flirtations with the upper castes, her extravagances and the allegations of corruption, and her party’s crushing defeat in 2012, Dalits and other members of the lower castes overwhelmingly remained loyal to her, referring to her as Behenji (“Sister”). Her reelection to the Rajya Sabha in 2012 nurtured a greater ambition of her becoming prime minister of India. Although the BSP remained a minor party, with only a handful of seats in each chamber of parliament, its members wielded influence beyond their small numbers. The BSP’s failure to win a single seat in the 2014 Lok Sabha elections, however, considerably reduced the party’s national standing and diminished Mayawati’s chances of achieving higher office. In July 2017 she resigned from the Lok Sabha in protest after being told to end a speech she was making to lawmakers about the mistreatment of Dalits. Her writings include A Travelogue of My Struggle-Ridden Life and BSP Movement, published in 2008.