Leo Frank
Leo Frank (born April 17, 1884, Cuero, Texas, U.S.—died August 17, 1915, Marietta, Georgia) was an American factory superintendent whose conviction in 1913 for the murder of Mary Phagan resulted in his lynching. His trial and death shaped the nascent Anti-Defamation League (ADL) and spurred the first resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan (KKK). Frank was pardoned in 1986.
Frank was raised in Brooklyn, New York, and earned a B.S. from the College of Engineering at Cornell University in 1906. After an apprenticeship in Germany with the pencil manufacturer Eberhard Faber, Frank moved to Atlanta, Georgia, to work at the National Pencil Company, of which his uncle Moses Frank was part owner. On November 30, 1910, he married Lucille Selig—who was, like Frank, a Jew of German ancestry born in the United States—and lived harmoniously with his wife’s well-off family. In 1912 Frank was elected president of his local B’nai B’rith chapter.
On April 26, 1913, at about noon, Mary Phagan, a 13-year-old employee of the National Pencil Company, went to the factory to collect her pay, which Frank gave to her. Soon after, she was sexually assaulted and brutally murdered. Newt Lee, a watchman, discovered her body in the factory’s basement about 3:30 am and reported it to police. Frank was questioned and released that day. On April 29 he was arrested and charged with murder.
The investigation was fraught with controversy and included the torture of witnesses. Press coverage surrounding the trial and subsequent appeals—sensationalized in a manner new to Atlanta by William Randolph Hearst, by a populist firebrand turned white supremacist, Tom Watson, and by others—exacerbated existing social tensions that already threatened the integrity of the legal process. As a Northerner managing hundreds of teenage girls working long hours for paltry compensation, Frank elicited little sympathy.
The prosecution based its case against Frank on coached testimony of Jim Conley, an African American janitor at the National Pencil Company who many contend committed the crime. Conley’s four affidavits—each new statement renouncing the last—developed the elaborate and, by all accounts, improbable story of his participation in a crime he attributed to Frank. Most of the circumstantial evidence and character testimony favoured Frank, but prejudice and ignorance about Jews and blacks ultimately decided the trial. The prosecution acknowledged the good reputation of German Jews in Atlanta but successfully exploited misconceptions about circumcision and unfavourable testimony about Frank’s character from a few of his young female employees to paint him as a pervert. Paradoxically, racism helped Conley, who held to his story over three days of cross-examination by some of Georgia’s best lawyers. Dismissing Conley’s lies as a function of his race and believing that any black person would be incapable of remembering such a complex story unless it were true, the jury found Frank guilty after roughly two hours of deliberation on August 25.
For two years, developments in the Frank case made headlines. Frank’s appeals, based on technicalities, were all denied; the U.S. Supreme Court voted 7–2 with the notable dissension of Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. When Conley’s lawyer, William Smith, publicly asserted Frank’s innocence, he was pilloried in local newspapers and effectively run out of Georgia. In June 1915, shortly before Frank’s scheduled execution, Gov. John Slaton commuted his sentence from death to life in prison. When the news broke the next morning, a mob sought Slaton at his home, prompting him to declare martial law. Later a fellow inmate cut Frank’s throat with a butcher’s knife; two other inmates who happened to be doctors rushed Frank to the prison hospital and participated in the surgery that narrowly saved his life.
While Watson openly called for violence in his weekly newspaper The Jeffersonian, a group of prominent Georgians, including elected officials and a former governor, furtively planned an elaborate lynching. Having secured unimpeded access to Frank with the passage of a prison-spending bill, the group abducted Frank, drove him about 150 miles (240 km) to Mary Phagan’s hometown of Marietta, and lynched him on August 17. Frank was buried in Mount Carmel Cemetery in Queens, New York. His lynching was one of 22 in Georgia in 1915.
Amid international condemnation, many Georgians celebrated. Stores sold postcards and artifacts of the lynching. The perpetrators enjoyed impunity, their names kept secret throughout their lives. In contrast to the abrupt end of Slaton’s ascendant career, prosecutor Hugh Dorsey won the next two gubernatorial elections, and Watson was later elected to the U.S. Senate. A group calling itself “The Knights of Mary Phagan” resurrected the KKK in 1915. Many Jews sold their businesses and fled Georgia, but the ADL, formed in 1913 in Chicago and early champions of Frank’s cause, thrived and eventually helped win Frank’s pardon.
In 1982 Alonzo Mann, Frank’s “office boy,” came forward with new evidence incriminating Conley. The ADL and others petitioned Georgia for a pardon based on that evidence. The petition was initially denied, but in 1986 Georgia pardoned Frank for failing to protect him while in custody, without addressing his guilt or innocence. With few exceptions, contemporary scholarship sustains claims of Frank’s innocence.