Lewis Strauss

Lewis Strauss (born January 31, 1896, Charleston, West Virginia, U.S.—died January 21, 1974, Brandy Station, Virginia) was an American businessman and official who was head of the Atomic Energy Commission from 1953 to 1958 and acting secretary of commerce from 1958 to 1959.

As a young boy, Strauss had a strong interest in physics and planned to study at the University of Virginia in the fall of 1913. However, before he graduated high school, he contracted typhoid and had to delay his graduation one year. By then his father’s shoe business was suffering, and Strauss became a traveling salesman for the firm. After three years he had saved enough money to enter college. With America’s entry into World War I (1914–18), Strauss instead took an unpaid position as private secretary to Herbert Hoover, head of the U.S. Food Administration. After the end of the war, Strauss continued to work for Hoover, who was in charge of relief efforts for Europe.

Strauss entered the New York investment bank of Kuhn, Loeb & Co., in 1919 and rose to full partner in 1929. He joined the navy reserve in 1925 as a lieutenant commander. During Hoover’s presidential campaign in 1928, Strauss worked to increase Hoover’s support in the South, but, after the death of his son Jerome early in 1932, he played a much smaller role in Hoover’s reelection campaign.

Strauss joined the navy on full active duty early in 1941 as part of the Bureau of Ordnance. He established a successful incentive program for navy contractors, and he led projects that improved torpedoes and invented the proximity fuze. He became special assistant to Navy Secretary James Forrestal in 1944 and was promoted to rear admiral after the end of World War II in 1945.

The Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) was established in 1946 and took control of America’s nuclear program from the Manhattan Project. Strauss took a seat on the AEC board. He pushed for the atmospheric monitoring program that led to the detection of the first Soviet atomic bomb test in October 1949. The test convinced Strauss that America had to develop the more powerful hydrogen bomb. Physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer was head of the AEC’s general advisory committee and an opponent of hydrogen bomb development. Strauss and Oppenheimer had previously clashed on other atomic policies, and Strauss considered Oppenheimer a security risk because Oppenheimer had allowed his brother Frank, a Communist Party member, to work on the Manhattan Project and because of Oppenheimer’s associations with other communists in the 1930s and ’40s. Other AEC board members initially opposed the hydrogen bomb program, but Strauss’s viewpoint eventually prevailed, and U.S. Pres. Harry S. Truman approved the hydrogen bomb program in early 1950. Strauss had been waiting to resign from the AEC pending Truman’s approval of the program, and now he did so.

When Dwight D. Eisenhower became president in 1953, he appointed Strauss special assistant on matters of atomic energy, and later Eisenhower asked Strauss to become AEC chairman. Strauss agreed, but with the condition that Oppenheimer would have nothing to do with the AEC. The United States successfully tested the hydrogen bomb in November 1952, but Strauss felt that Oppenheimer had delayed the program and that he had not been fully truthful about his knowledge of Soviet attempts to infiltrate the Manhattan Project. Strauss became head of the AEC in July 1953.

Strauss was convinced that Oppenheimer was a Soviet agent and would perhaps flee to the U.S.S.R. He asked the Federal Bureau of Investigation to monitor Oppenheimer and his movements in December 1953. That same month Oppenheimer was presented with charges that he was a security risk. Oppenheimer requested a hearing to consider the charges. A three-member panel led by former army secretary Gordon Gray met in April 1954 and decided on a 2–1 vote that while Oppenheimer was a loyal citizen and had been discreet in his handling of atomic secrets, his opposition to the hydrogen bomb program and the conflicting stories he told about an attempt by Soviet agents to get information from the Manhattan Project meant that his security clearance should be revoked. The AEC board upheld the decision.

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After Strauss completed his term as AEC chairman, Eisenhower appointed him acting secretary of commerce in October 1958. As AEC chairman, Strauss had often come into conflict with Democratic senators and congressmen, particularly over atomic weapons tests and the development of commercial nuclear reactors. In November 1958 the Democratic Party captured 12 seats in the Senate for a 62–34 majority. Strauss’s confirmation hearings lasted two months, and his appointment was ultimately rejected by the full Senate in June 1959. Strauss was the eighth cabinet nominee in U.S. history not to be confirmed.

Strauss later wrote an autobiography, Men and Decisions (1962). President Eisenhower awarded Strauss the Medal of Freedom in 1958.