Ludwig Guttmann

Ludwig Guttmann (born July 3, 1899, Tost, Germany [now Toszek, Poland]—died March 18, 1980, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire, England) was a German-born English neurosurgeon who was the founder of the Paralympic Games.

Career in Germany and escape to England

Guttmann earned a medical degree from the University of Freiburg in 1924 and subsequently became a leading neurosurgeon. In 1933 he was named director of the Wenzel-Hancke Hospital in Breslau (now Wrocław, Poland). During this time the Nazis rose to power, and Guttmann, who was Jewish, began facing restrictions on his ability to practice medicine. By 1937 he was working at the Jewish Hospital in Breslau. When Jews were attacked on the night of November 9–10, 1938, an event known as Kristallnacht, Guttmann insisted that the hospital admit anyone seeking care, drawing the ire of the SS and Gestapo. He is credited with preventing 60 patients from being deported to concentration camps.

In 1939 Nazi official Joachim von Ribbentrop sent Guttmann to Portugal to treat a friend of António de Oliveira Salazar, the country’s dictator. He was accompanied by his family, and on the journey home, they stopped in England. There the Council for Assisting Refugee Academics arranged for the Guttmans to emigrate. In 1944 he became head of the National Spinal Injuries Centre at Stoke Mandeville Hospital in Aylesbury, where he remained until he retired in 1966.

Work in England and the Paralympic Games

Guttman championed the concept of early treatment for injured servicemen in specialized spinal units and promoted the use of compulsory sport and physical activities as a form of rehabilitation, integration, and motivation. To this end, he organized an archery contest between 16 disabled patients, and the event was held on July 29, 1948, which coincided with the opening of the 1948 Olympic Games in London. The following year more events and participants were featured, and the competition was named the Stoke Mandeville Games. The event became international in 1952, and that year Guttman helped found the International Stoke Mandeville Games Committee. (The organization subsequently underwent several name changes before merging with the International Sports Organisation for the Disabled [ISOD] in 2004 to become the International Wheelchair and Amputee Sports Federation [IWAS]. In 2022 IWAS joined with the Cerebral Palsy International Sports and Recreation Association [CPISRA] to form Worldability Sports.)

In 1960 the Stoke Mandeville Games were held in Rome, which had hosted the Olympic Games several weeks earlier. The event, featuring more than 400 athletes from 23 countries, became known as the first Paralympic Games. The Paralympics subsequently became a quadrennial event, staged in the same year as the Olympics. The first Paralympic Winter Games followed in 1976, in Örnsköldsvik, Sweden.

Guttmann also founded the International Medical Society of Paraplegia (later known as the International Spinal Cord Society) in 1961 and served as its first president (1961–70). That year he also established the British Sports Association for the Disabled. From 1968 to 1979 he served as president of ISOD. Guttman was the recipient of numerous awards and honors, and he was knighted in 1966.