Mary Blair

Mary Blair (born October 21, 1911, McAlester, Oklahoma, U.S.—died July 26, 1978, Soquel, California) was an American artist, art director, and designer known for her colorful and modern illustrations that helped define the visual style of Disney’s classic animated movies, including Cinderella (1950), Alice in Wonderland (1951), and Peter Pan (1953). Walt Disney recognized Blair’s immense talent and became a lifelong proponent of her work, championing her in his male-dominated studio. He sought out her creativity even after her departure from his company, notably to design what would become the iconic amusement park attraction “It’s a Small World.”

Early life and career

Blair was born Mary Browne Robinson and grew up in poverty alongside her fraternal twin sister, Augusta, and their elder sister, Margaret. Her father, John Donovan Robinson, was a bookkeeper who practiced calligraphy, and her mother, Varda Morton Valliant, was a seamstress who repaired and embroidered priests’ robes for the Episcopal Church. The family moved several times, eventually settling in Morgan Hill, California. Mary Robinson’s parents nourished her love of art from a young age, even spending less money on food so they could buy her art supplies.

In 1929 Robinson enrolled at San José State College (now San José State University), California, with the goal of becoming an art teacher. While a student, she actively exhibited her work and began gaining recognition—she even appeared in the San Jose Mercury Herald in 1931 posed in front of her charcoal drawing that was shown in the annual Pacific Art Association exhibition in Fresno. A few months later Robinson appeared in the newspaper again when she was awarded a scholarship to attend the prestigious Chouinard School of Art in Los Angeles (now the California Institute of the Arts). There she studied under Pruett Carter, a successful magazine illustrator and Chouinard’s director of illustration. She also met Lee Everett Blair, a fellow scholarship student known for his regionalist watercolours depicting life on the Pacific Coast. The pair married in 1934, and Robinson took her husband’s surname.

After graduating in 1933, during the Great Depression, the couple worked at the animation studios of Ub Iwerks and Harman Ising Productions. Meanwhile, Lee Blair became president of the California Water Color Society, in which Mary Blair was one of the few female members. Her watercolours were shown in 1938 at her first solo exhibition, at Tone Price Gallery in Los Angeles. That same year Lee Blair joined the Walt Disney company in Burbank, California, and Mary Blair took over as colour director at Harman Ising. She joined her husband at Disney in 1940, working in the character model department. She created concept art for projects related to several major productions including Fantasia (1940), Dumbo (1941), and an early version of Lady and the Tramp (1955). After two years with Disney, however, she left, feeling frustrated by the production process and the few opportunities to express her own artistic vision.

Trip to Latin America and return to Disney Studios

Shortly thereafter, Blair’s husband came home telling her of a 10-week trip sponsored by the U.S. government for Disney studio artists and writers to visit Latin America. The excursion was part of Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Good Neighbor Policy, with the goal of promoting goodwill between the United States and Latin American countries as well as halting the spread of Nazi and fascist tendencies. The artists and writers were to familiarize themselves with the cultures and geography of the region and to use their research to create a series of propaganda cartoons. Mary Blair set up a meeting with Walt Disney to ask to be included. She was rehired and joined the group in Brazil, Argentina, Peru, Ecuador, Guatemala, Chile, and Mexico. Two cartoons, Saludos Amigos (1942) and The Three Caballeros (1944), were produced as a result of the Latin American trip and feature Blair’s sketches and watercolours from her travels. These productions are now considered problematic as they perpetuate stereotypes, exoticize the Indigenous other, and often depict the Latin American characters as silly and childlike.

The colours, dress, and decorative arts that Blair absorbed on this trip, however, influenced the rest of her career. She later recalled:

From then on everything was extremely interesting. The type of work now involved—inspirational sketches, styling, obtaining material on survey trips—was started by this trip to South America. From ’41 on I felt that I [had] found a place in the business.

Upon her return home, Blair accepted a position working at Disney studios as an art director, where she generated and developed ideas for several of the company’s biggest films including Cinderella, Alice in Wonderland, and Peter Pan. Blair became known for her modern designs, featuring stylized figures set within a decorative backdrop, and especially for her flat, bright areas of colour that were imbued with emotion and drama. One animator later said: “Mary was the first artist I knew of to have different shades of red next to each other. You just didn’t do that! But Mary made it work.” Two of her portraits of Peruvian children hung in the home of Walt and Lillian Disney, who displayed very little art from Disney studios.

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In 1946 the Blairs moved to Long Island, New York, where Lee Blair opened his own production company. Mary Blair had the rare privilege to work remotely as art designer and colourist for Disney studios, though she regularly flew back to Burbank. After several years of this fast-paced lifestyle, Mary Blair, who was now the mother of two sons, Donovan and Kevin, left Disney once again in 1953. She focused on her blossoming career as an illustrator and designer, designing handkerchiefs, scarves, and women’s suits and dresses for the department store Lord and Taylor. Blair also designed several television commercials and magazine advertisements for such products as Pepsodent toothpaste, Meadow Gold ice cream, Maxwell House coffee, and Pall Mall cigarettes.

Illustrations for Golden Books

Blair also concentrated on her work as an illustrator of children’s books, a career that she had embarked on while working for Disney studios. Her work for Little Golden Books was especially prized for its bright geometric shapes and patterning that featured sweet, rosy-cheeked children. She illustrated books such as Baby’s House (1950), I Can Fly (1950), The Golden Book of Little Verses (1953), The New Golden Song Book (1955), and The Up and Down Book (1964). I Can Fly remained in print for over 60 years and received many awards. When Jacqueline Kennedy was first lady, she wrote Blair a note from the White House to tell her that I Can Fly was her daughter Caroline’s favorite book.

It’s a Small World

In 1963 Walt Disney reached out to Blair to design what would become her most well-known work as an artist—a musical boat ride featuring audio-animatronic dolls representing children and music from across the globe. Originally designed for the 1964 New York World’s Fair, the amusement park ride “It’s a Small World” was an instant success and was eventually replicated for inclusion in the Disneyland theme park, Anaheim, California, in 1966 and Walt Disney World, Orlando, Florida, when it opened in 1971. Disney engaged Blair in several other major projects before his death in 1966, including a large tile mural (1966) for the Jules Stein Eye Institute at the University of California, Los Angeles, Center for Health Sciences (now UCLA Stein Eye Institute), two murals (1967) in Tomorrowland at Walt Disney World, and a large ceramic mural (1971) in the Contemporary Resort hotel in Bay Lake, Florida.

Later life, awards, and exhibitions

Blair moved to Soquel, California, in the late 1960s, where she continued to illustrate and design. She died in 1978 at the age of 66 of a cerebral hemorrhage. After her death, Blair received numerous awards including a 1991 Disney Legends award and a 1996 Winsor McCay Award, which recognizes lifetime contributions in the art of animation. Blair’s work has also been exhibited in “The Colors of Mary Blair” at the Museum of Contemporary Art, Tokyo, in 2009, and “Magic, Color, Flair: The World of Mary Blair” at the Walt Disney Family Museum in San Francisco, in 2014.