Oscar W. Underwood

Oscar W. Underwood (born May 6, 1862, Louisville, Ky., U.S.—died Jan. 25, 1929, Fairfax County, Va.) was a U.S. congressman from Alabama (1895–1927) who drafted the Underwood Tariff Act of 1913.

After studying law at the University of Virginia he was admitted to the bar in 1884. Underwood settled in Birmingham, Ala., and was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives (1895–96; 1897–1915), rising to chairman of the Ways and Means Committee and becoming an expert on trade and tariffs. He ran for the Senate in 1914 and served for two terms (1915–27).

Underwood decided to seek the Democratic presidential nomination in 1912. He lost the nomination to Woodrow Wilson, but the winning candidate was for the most part receptive to his views on the subject of protective tariffs, and it was under the Wilson administration that Underwood was able to enact the tariff legislation that bears his name. The bill, passed in 1913, sought to promote international trade by lowering import duties (and, to make up for the expected loss of revenue, levied the first federal income tax). Underwood generally supported Wilson’s programs, promoting passage of the Federal Reserve Act (1913) and advocating U.S. participation in the League of Nations.

He was a member of the U.S. delegation to the Washington conference on arms limitations (1921–22) under the administration of Warren G. Harding and reportedly refused Harding’s offer of an appointment to the Supreme Court. He sought the Democratic presidential nomination once again in 1924, but his denunciation of the Ku Klux Klan—which alienated his Southern colleagues—and his opposition to Prohibition were largely responsible for his failure to win the party’s support.