Paul Claudel

Paul Claudel (born Aug. 6, 1868, Villeneuve-sur-Fère, Fr.—died Feb. 23, 1955, Paris) was a poet, playwright, essayist, a towering force in French literature of the first half of the 20th century, whose works derive their lyrical inspiration, their unity and scope, and their prophetic tone from his faith in God.

Claudel, the brother of the sculptor Camille Claudel, was born in a village of Champagne. Their family was one of farmers and gentry, an inauspicious background for his subsequent diplomatic career. Becoming expert in economic affairs, in 1890 he embarked on a long and brilliant career in the foreign service that took him from New York City to China (for 14 years), back to Europe, and then to South America. While pursuing his literary career, he was the French ambassador to Tokyo (1921), Washington (1927), and Brussels (1933).

As he traveled the world, removed from the literary circles of Paris, he slowly elaborated his theocentric conception of the universe and conceived his vocation: the revelation through poetry, both lyrical and dramatic, of the grand design of creation. This enthusiastic and relentless deciphering of the cosmos was inspired in Claudel’s 18th year by a double revelation: the discovery of Rimbaud’s Illuminations and his sudden conversion to Roman Catholicism.

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Claudel reached his largest audience through his Symbolist plays—works that powerfully synthesized all theatrical elements to evoke a unified mood, atmosphere, and leitmotif. He reorchestrates his themes, expressed by a few symbolic types, again and again. His heroes are men of action—generals, conquerors, born masters of the earth. La Ville (published 1890), L’Echange (written 1893), and Le Repos du septième jour (written 1896) all portray heroes burning with all the lusts of the flesh: pride, greed, ambition, violence, and passion. But Claudel moves beyond man’s appetites along a firm path to redemption.

In 1900 Claudel underwent a religious crisis and decided to abandon his artistic and diplomatic career and enter a Benedictine monastery. Discouraged by the Order and deeply disappointed, he left France to take up a consular post in China. On shipboard he met a married Polish woman with whom he shared an adulterous love for the next four years, after which time it was mutually renounced.

Although Claudel married a French woman in 1906, this episode of forbidden love became a major myth of his subsequent works beginning with Partage de midi (published 1906). In this searching, autobiographical work, Claudel appears torn between human and divine love. The conflict is resolved in L’Annonce faite à Marie (1912; Tidings brought to Mary, 1916), a medieval mystery in tone, in which Claudel expounds on woman’s place in God’s scheme. Woman, the daughter of Eve, temptress and source of evil, is also the child of Mary, the initiator of man’s search for salvation: such is the Doña Prouhèze of Le Soulier de satin (written 1924; The Satin Slipper, 1931), Claudel’s masterpiece. The stage is the Spanish Catholic world of the Renaissance; it reaches through Columbus, the Jesuits, and the conquistadors to the very ends of the earth. This huge tapestry is the story of the pursuit of the unattainable (because she is married) Doña Prouhèze by the adventurer Rodrigue, who is the characteristic worldly, passionate, and predatory Claudelian hero. The couple rejects sexual fulfillment and accepts the ultimate sacrifice: death for Prouhèze, enslavement for Rodrigue; thus, they reach the spiritual consummation of their union.

Claudel’s other dramatic works include the historical trilogy L’Otage (published 1911), Le Pain dur (1918), and Le Père humilié (written 1916, published 1920). Set in the time of the French Revolution, it portrays faith humiliated in the person of the pope. He also wrote Le Livre de Christophe Colomb (published 1933), with music by Darius Milhaud, and the oratorio Jeanne d’arc (performed 1938), with music by Arthur Honegger.

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His best-known and most impressive lyrical works are the ambitious, confessional Cinq grandes odes (1910). Later volumes, which consist of poems written at various times, lack the symbolic unity that holds the odes together. He very early adopted a long, unscanned, usually unrhymed line that came to be known as the verset claudélien, which is his unique contribution to French prosody.