Pedro Castillo

Pedro Castillo (born October 19, 1969, Puña, Chota, Peru) is a Peruvian politician, union leader, and schoolteacher who served as president of Peru from 2021 to 2022, when he was removed from office by the Congress of the Republic.

Early life and career

The third of nine children, Castillo grew up in Puña, a remote village in the department of Cajamarca, in northern Peru. His parents were peasant farmers. After working on his family’s farm while growing up, he trained to be a schoolteacher. From 1995 he worked at the same elementary school that he had attended in Puña. Castillo eventually earned a bachelor’s degree in education (2006) and a master’s degree in educational psychology (2013) from César Vallejo University in Trujillo, Peru.

Castillo joined the centrist Peru Possible (Perú Posible) party in 2002. His political career began that year when he ran unsuccessfully for mayor of the Anguía district of Cajamarca. Castillo remained a member of Peru Possible until the party dissolved in 2017. By that time he had become actively involved in a teachers’ union, helping to lead a nationwide teachers’ strike in 2017 that lasted several months. The strike ended after the government of Pres. Pedro Pablo Kuczynski threatened to fire teachers who did not return to work. However, the government made a number of concessions to the strikers, including moving up a proposed timeline for salary increases for teachers and offering teachers early retirement.

Presidency

Castillo’s involvement in the teachers’ strike raised his political profile. When Vladimir Cerrón, the leader of Free Peru (Perú Libre), was prevented from running for president in 2021 because of his conviction on corruption charges, the small socialist party recruited Castillo to become its candidate. Having never held elective office and with little urban support, Castillo was initially viewed as a long shot in a field of 18 candidates. His campaign soon gained traction, however, as he tapped into voter anger over inequality in the country—a problem that had been worsened by the devastating economic consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic. Castillo’s campaign slogan, “No more poor in a rich country,” echoed his pledge to make certain that profits from the country’s lucrative mineral industries would be shared by all Peruvians. Among other proposals, he also promised to initiate the drafting of a new constitution. Castillo cut a colourful figure as he campaigned wearing a wide-brimmed straw hat that was typical of the Cajamarca region. Many rural voters came to identify with him, and he emerged as the surprise winner in the first round of presidential voting in April 2021. Since no candidate achieved the necessary 50 percent of the vote to win the election outright, Castillo advanced to a runoff against the second-place finisher, conservative congresswoman Keiko Fujimori, the daughter of disgraced former president Alberto Fujimori.

The second round of voting took place in June. The runoff essentially pitted Castillo’s rural support against Fujimori’s urban backing. The extremely close election first appeared to favour Fujimori, but the race tightened as votes came in from outlying districts. The final count gave Castillo a narrow victory of about 44,000 votes. Fujimori claimed that the election had been tainted by fraud and refused to concede, but international observers did not report any voting irregularities. Peru’s electoral authority, the National Jury of Elections, eventually dismissed Fujimori’s objections and declared Castillo the winner. He was sworn in as president on July 28, 2021.

Castillo’s presidency was troubled almost from the outset. He became the subject of several investigations alleging his involvement in corruption and, in one case, a connection with organized crime. He was also the object of failed impeachment efforts by the opposition-controlled Congress in December 2021 and March 2022. Moreover, Castillo’s cabinet underwent more than 50 changes, and his own party expelled him. Amid the political instability, Castillo’s public approval rating plunged.

Removal from office

On December 7, 2022, only hours before Congress was to undertake a third impeachment effort, Castillo attempted to block that action. He announced that he was dissolving the legislature and forming an “exceptional emergency government” that would rule by decree until a new legislature could be elected to frame a new constitution. Congress quickly responded by holding an emergency session the same day, during which it voted overwhelmingly to remove Castillo from office. Congress replaced him with Vice President Dina Boluarte, who became Peru’s first woman president. Castillo was arrested on charges of “rebellion and conspiracy” while attempting to flee to the embassy of Mexico, whose leftist president, Andrés Manuel López Obrador, was critical Castillo’s ouster.

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In the weeks following Castillo’s removal from office, mass protests broke out throughout the country, most notably in the south, where demonstrators, demanding the release of Castillo and the resignation of Boluarte, blocked roads in the Cuzco region, forcing the closure of the ancient Inca ruins of Machu Picchu, Peru’s most prominent tourist destination. Violence erupted repeatedly as law enforcement responded aggressively to the protests. By the end of January, nearly 60 individuals had been killed in protest-related violence.