Pierre Poivre

Pierre Poivre (born Aug. 23, 1719, Lyon, Fr.—died June 6, 1786, near Lyon) was a French missionary-turned-entrepreneur whose enthusiasm for trade with Indochina stimulated French colonial expansion and whose many commercial schemes, had they been realized, might have established France securely in Indochina in the 18th instead of the 19th century.

The son of a wealthy silk merchant, Poivre early developed an interest in the Far East and joined the Society of Foreign Missions as a seminary student, arriving in the Orient in 1740. His visits to India, China, and Indochina aroused his mercantile interests, and he became involved in trading ventures in China. After returning to Europe in 1747, he abandoned missionary work and persuaded the French East India Company to set up a bank in Cochinchina (southern Vietnam), to which he returned two years later as the company’s representative. He obtained permission from the Vietnamese king Vo Vuong to set up temporary trading posts and a permanent one at Tourane but then alienated the king by kidnapping a young Vietnamese to serve as his interpreter. As a result, all European missionaries were expelled from the country and were not reinstated until the interpreter was returned two years later.

Poivre then made his way to the Moluccas, in the Dutch East Indies, despite the deceptive maps that the Dutch had drafted to delude other navigators. Landing at the island of Timor, he smuggled more than 3,000 nutmeg plants and other fruit trees and spices out to the French islands of Mauritius and Réunion, off the coast of eastern Africa. He returned to France in 1750 with samples of his goods and again tried to interest businessmen there in his ventures. In a brief respite from his continuing commercial pursuits, Poivre was appointed administrator of the French colony of Mauritius (1765), where he governed capably.