Prabowo Subianto

Prabowo Subianto (born October 17, 1951, Jakarta, Indonesia) is a former general of the Indonesian army and businessman who is now president of Indonesia (2024– ).

Early life

Prabowo is the third of four children born to Sumitro Djojohadikusumo, a Javanese economist, and Dora Marie Sigar, a Minahasan woman from Langowan, North Sulawesi. The family was well-off: Prabowo’s grandfather was the cofounder of Bank Negara Indonesia (now BNI), and, at the time of Prabowo’s birth, Sumitro had just finished serving a term as minister of trade and industry for the country’s president, Sukarno. In 1958, however, Prabowo’s father joined the ill-fated PRRI-Permesta rebellion (PRRI being the acronym for the Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia), which led to his self-exile from the country. Prabowo consequently spent the remaining years of his childhood attending American, British, and international schools in Singapore, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom.

Prabowo received his high-school diploma from the American School in London in the late 1960s and entered the Indonesian Military Academy in 1970. By this time the Sukarno government had fallen and the dictatorial “New Order” of Suharto had been established, making it safe for Prabowo’s family to return to Indonesia. In 1974 Prabowo graduated from the academy and joined the Indonesian army, in which he became a member of the special forces group known as Kopassandha. In 1976 or 1977 Prabowo was deployed to East Timor, which Indonesia had invaded and occupied in December 1975. Holding the rank of lieutenant, he commanded his own paratrooper unit, the youngest man in the group to do so.

Military career, exile, and business ventures

The missions that Prabowo undertook in East Timor until 1980 remain mostly unknown, but his unit is thought to have been responsible for the 1978 assassination of Nicolau Lobato, an important leader in the East Timorese independence movement. Moreover, he has been accused of participating in the Kraras massacre of 1983, wherein more than 200 civilians were killed. However, Prabowo denied this charge, and it has never been substantiated. Regardless, he certainly took an active role in the ruthless repression that led to the deaths of 150,000 East Timorese people during this period, which some scholars have termed a genocide.

Prabowo’s work clearly endeared him to his superiors. He was selected to receive training in the U.S. at Fort Bragg (now Fort Liberty), North Carolina, in 1980 and at Fort Benning (now Fort Moore), Georgia, in 1985, as well as training in Germany with the GSG 9 anti-terrorism unit about 1981. In 1983 Prabowo was promoted from captain to major. Perhaps not coincidentally, that same year he married Suharto’s daughter, Siti Hediati Hariyadi (nicknamed “Titiek”). The couple soon had a son, Ragowo Hediprasetyo Djojohadikusumo (“Didit”). With strong qualifications and political connections, Prabowo had established himself as a rising figure in the Indonesian army.

In 1985 Prabowo was reassigned to the Army Strategic Reserve Command (Kostrad). In July of the following year he began studying at the Indonesian Army Command and General Staff College (SESKOAD), the center at which the Indonesian army’s upper echelon of officers are trained. After graduating, Prabowo returned to duty, now as a lieutenant colonel commanding Airborne Infantry Battalion 17. In 1991 he was promoted to chief of staff of Airborne Infantry Brigade 17 and made a colonel.

In March 1993 Prabowo returned to the Kopassandha, now called Kopassus. In October 1994 he was made a brigadier general and deputy commander. The following year, Prabowo began implementing his own plan for pacifying East Timor: funding the creation of a native militia to persecute supporters of East Timorese independence. Named the Gada Paksi (in full Garda Muda Penegak Integrasi [“Young Guards Upholding Integration”]), the black-garbed “ninjas” persecuted anyone suspected of supporting independence. The group grew quickly: by early 1996 it had 1,100 members.

In early 1996 Prabowo led a Kopassus operation to free members of a World Wildlife Fund research mission who had been taken hostage by the Free Papua Movement (Organisasi Papua Merdeka [OPM]). After negotiations with the OPM fell apart, Kopassus engaged in a series of reprisal attacks on villages believed to support the OPM. In one case, Kopassus allegedly used an International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) helicopter to catch a village by surprise.

In June 1996 Prabowo was promoted to general commander of Kopassus, receiving the rank of major general. In 1997 and early 1998 he oversaw the abduction and torture of 23 pro-democracy activists protesting Suharto’s continued authoritarian rule. Of that number, 1 died and 13 would remain missing. This act would later be the downfall of Prabowo’s military career.

In March 1998 Prabowo received yet another promotion, becoming a lieutenant general and the commander of Kostrad. Anti-government demonstrations and rioting in Indonesian cities resulted in Suharto’s resignation from the presidency on May 21. In the following days of political maneuvering by government officials, Prabowo was demoted to head of SESKOAD, the staff college he had once attended. The writing was on the wall: Prabowo was soon thereafter discharged from the military, supposedly for his abduction of activists. That same year, Prabowo and his wife, Titiek, divorced.

Prabowo entered into voluntary exile in Jordan, where he lived for the next few years. He had a personal relationship with that country’s King Abdullah II, having trained with him at Fort Benning in 1985. He returned to Indonesia in 2001 to join his wealthy brother Hashim Djojohadikusumo in the business world. With his family’s contacts and money, Prabowo soon built a corporate empire of his own—the Nusantara Group—a conglomerate with subsidiaries in a multitude of industries.

Political career

In 2004 Prabowo entered politics, attempting to become the presidential candidate for the Golkar Party. He failed to secure the nomination but served on the party’s advisory board until 2008, when he resigned in order to start his own political party, the Gerindra Party. Gerindra then joined forces with the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDI-P) to nominate Prabowo for vice president on the ticket of former Indonesian president Megawati Sukarnoputri in the 2009 presidential election. The pair lost the contest to Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono and his running mate, Boediono.

In 2014 Prabowo once again entered the presidential contest, this time at the top of a coalition ticket. He came in second place to Joko Widodo, a result that he initially refused to accept. He conceded the race only after Indonesia’s Constitutional Court rejected his appeal that August.

In 2019 Prabowo challenged Widodo a second time. Once more, Widodo easily defeated Prabowo, and, once more, Prabowo argued that he had been cheated of victory. His claims led his supporters to engage in protests and deadly riots in Jakarta, which left eight dead and hundreds wounded. Prabowo appealed again to the Constitutional Court, which unanimously rejected his claims that the election had been subverted. To the surprise of many supporters, Prabowo soon thereafter made peace with Widodo, who appointed him defense minister. Furthermore, Prabowo’s Gerindra Party joined Widodo’s coalition.

Presidency

The full extent of Prabowo’s and Widodo’s new partnership became apparent in 2024, when Prabowo ran to succeed Widodo (who could not run again because of the office’s term limit) and chose Widodo’s son, Gibran Rakabuming Raka, as his running mate. With Widodo’s support, Prabowo won the presidential election and was sworn into office on October 20, 2024.