Ramses II

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Memphis, Egypt: colossal statue of Ramses II

Aswān, Egypt: Ramses II statue at Abu Simbel temple

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Al-Jizah. Giza Necropolis, Giza Plateau, Cairo, Egypt. Side view of Sphinx with the Great Pyramid of Khufu (Cheops) rising in the background. The sides of all three of the Giza pyramids are astronomically oriented to be north-south, east-west (see notes)

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Ramses II summary

Ramses II

Q: When did Ramses II rule Egypt?

Ramses II was the third pharaoh of ancient Egypt ’s 19th dynasty, reigning from 1279 to 1213 BCE. He likely began exercising some power prior to actually assuming sole ownership of the throne: it is thought that his father, Seti I , appointed him as coregent at a young age, and he accompanied his father on campaigns abroad as a teenager. His tenure as sole ruler was remarkable insofar as he ruled for an astonishing 66 years—the second longest (and maybe even the longest) reign in ancient Egyptian history.

Q: What military campaigns did Ramses II undertake?

The most important campaign of Ramses II’s reign culminated in the famous Battle of Kadesh. Ramses II set out in his fourth year as king to reestablish Egypt’s imperial holdings in Asia, much of which had been lost to the Hittites . Hittite and Egyptian forces met at Kadesh , a Hittite stronghold in Syria. The battle initially looked to be a rout of Egyptian forces, but the timely arrival of Egyptian reinforcements resulted in a stalemate. Egypt continued to campaign in Hittite territory for the next 16 years, until the two empires signed the first peace treaty in recorded history.

Q: What famous structures were built during the reign of Ramses II?

Ramses II commissioned an almost unparalleled amount of building projects at home. Some of these were actually initiated under the rule of his father, Seti I , such as the Hypostyle Hall at Karnak , the temple at Abydos , Seti I’s funerary temple, and one of the two temples at Abu Simbel . Projects initiated under Ramses II’s reign included the other temple at Abu Simbel and his own funerary temple, now called the Ramesseum . Ramses II didn’t build only temples: he constructed the city Per Ramessu to serve as his new capital and a well en route to gold mines in Nubia.

Q: What was Ramses II’s family like?

Ramses II’s long life—he lived between 90 and 96 years—gave him ample opportunity to marry wives and beget children. He had over 200 wives and concubines and over 100 children, many of whom he outlived. His first and perhaps favorite wife was Nefertari, to whom he dedicated one of the temples at Abu Simbel . Diplomacy also played a role in some of his marriages, a common practice in the New Kingdom. Ramses II married one, and possibly two, Hittite princesses following the drafting of the Egyptian-Hittite peace treaty in 1258 BCE.

Q: Was Ramses II a popular pharaoh?

It seems like Ramses II was an admired pharaoh, both during and after his lifetime. His popularity may have been due to a combination of the prosperity that Egypt enjoyed under his reign as well as his skill as a propagandist. Regardless of the reason, his appeal outlasted him by quite a while: nine different pharaohs of the 20th dynasty took his name as their own. Ramses II has received a bad rap on some fronts, however, often being conflated with the tyrannical pharaoh from the Book of Exodus , but historical and archaeological evidence does not support this.

king of Egypt

Also known as: Rameses II, Ramesses II, Ramses the Great

Written by Raymond Oliver Faulkner, Peter F. Dorman•All

Fact-checked by The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica

Last Updated: Dec 17, 2024 • Article History

Quick Facts

Ramses also spelled:: Ramesses or Rameses

Byname:: Ramses the Great

Flourished:: 13th century bce

Flourished:: 1300 BCE - 1200 BCE

Title / Office:: king (1279BC-1213BC), Egypt

When did Ramses II rule Egypt?

What military campaigns did Ramses II undertake?

What famous structures were built during the reign of Ramses II?

What was Ramses II’s family like?

Was Ramses II a popular pharaoh?

News •

Archaeologists find sword linked to Ramses II, tied to Biblical Exodus • Dec. 16, 2024, 2:54 AM ET (Jerusalem Post)

Ramses II (flourished 13th century bce) was the third king of the 19th dynasty (1292–1191 bce) of ancient Egypt whose reign (1279–1213 bce) was the second longest in Egyptian history. In addition to his wars with the Hittites and Libyans, he is known for his extensive building programs and for the many colossal statues of him found all over Egypt. Ramses’ family, of nonroyal origin, came to power some decades after the reign of the religious reformer Akhenaton (Amenhotep IV, 1353–36 bce) and set about restoring Egyptian power in Asia, which had declined under Akhenaton and his successor, Tutankhamen. Ramses’ ...(100 of 2042 words)

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