Robert Baldwin

Robert Baldwin (born May 12, 1804, York, Upper Canada [now Toronto, Ontario, Canada]—died December 9, 1858, Toronto) was a statesman who was joint leader with Louis-Hippolyte LaFontaine (as the attorneys general of Canada West and East, respectively) of the first and second Reform administrations in the Province of Canada, which established the principle of responsible, or cabinet, government in Canada.

Called to the bar in 1825, Baldwin began his political career as a member (1829–30) of the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada for York. In 1836 he served briefly on the Executive Council of Upper Canada and supported the union of Canada, condemning the Rebellion of 1837. He served (1840) on the Executive Council under Charles Poulett Thomson (later Baron Sydenham) but resigned, joining the opposition. In 1842, under the governor-generalship of Sir Charles Bagot, Baldwin and LaFontaine formed a Reform administration for the newly constituted Province of Canada, a merger of Lower Canada (renamed Canada East; now Quebec) and Upper Canada (Canada West; now Ontario). They held office until Bagot’s successor, Sir Charles Metcalfe, caused several ministers to resign. In the 1843 election the governor-generalship was narrowly sustained, but in 1848 the Reformers were returned to power. Under James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin, Baldwin and LaFontaine saw the realization of their aim of responsible government and the enactment of other reforms, including municipal self-government for Canada West and freeing of the University of Toronto from sectarian control.

Feeling increasingly out of sympathy with the advanced reformers in his party and offended by an attempt to abolish the Court of Chancery in Canada West, which he had personally helped to establish, Baldwin resigned in 1851. He was not reelected to Parliament by Toronto, largely because of his uncommitted attitude toward the Clergy Reserves question, regarding the secularization of the one-eighth of crown lands in Canada set apart for the support of a Protestant clergy. In 1858 he was invited to stand for a seat in the upper house, but, dissociated from the radicals (the Clear Grits), he could not identify with the conservative element of his old party either. In retirement he devoted himself to family matters.