Shang Kexi

Shang Kexi (born 1604, Haicheng, Liaoning province, China—died October 1676, Guangzhou, Guangdong province) was a Chinese general whose attempt to retire in 1673 resulted in a large-scale rebellion.

Originally a Ming dynasty general, Shang transferred his loyalty in 1634 to the Manchu kingdom of Manchuria, which was encroaching on China from the northeast. By 1644, when the Manchus conquered China and proclaimed the Qing dynasty (1644–1911/12), Shang was one of the leading Qing generals. In 1649 he was given the title pingnan wang (“prince who pacifies the south”) and was sent to conquer the southern province of Guangdong. When he completed this task, he was made governor of the area with full civil and military authority.

In 1673 Shang successfully petitioned the emperor for permission to retire, and preparations were made to bring Guangdong under central control. Wu Sangui, another Qing general who also had been made governor of a southern province, became alarmed. Fearing his power also would be restricted, Wu rebelled and was joined by a third southern general.

Shang remained loyal, but his eldest son put his father under arrest and joined the rebels. (The ensuing war, known as the Revolt of the Three Feudatories, was not suppressed until 1681.) Unable to control his son, Shang attempted suicide. He failed, but his health was destroyed and he died soon after. Altogether, he had 32 sons, most of whom were loyal Qing officials—11 became generals and 3 became state councillors.