Sigmar Polke

Sigmar Polke (born February 13, 1941, Oels, Germany [now Oleśnica, Poland]—died June 10, 2010, Cologne) was a German artist whose complex and layered paintings played an important role in the resurgence of modern German art.

Polke emigrated with his family from East Germany to West Germany in 1953, settling in Düsseldorf, where he studied at the Staatliche Kunstakademie from 1961 to 1967. His paintings of the 1960s, done in a style known as Capitalist Realism, both mimicked and challenged American Pop art, using recognizable imagery often derived from photography and advertising to invite a more critical social and economic analysis of American capitalism and its ramifications. Polke’s use of paint to replicate the half-tone dot process of newspaper photographic reproduction gave paintings such as Bunnies (1966)—a reference to the byname of the hostesses at Hugh Hefner’s Playboy Clubs for men—a blurred and dreary quality, ironically causing the women, dressed in sexy costumes, to physically and psychologically disappear from view. Polke began to layer images one atop another, and his interest in pattern led him to use commercially prepared decorative fabrics in the construction of his canvases.

During the 1970s Polke worked in photography, film, and video. He created a series of photographs based on his travels to Paris, New York City, Afghanistan, and Pakistan. After returning to painting in the 1980s, he began experimenting with a diverse range of materials, namely arsenic, meteor dust, turquoise, malachite, and beeswax. Polke and other German artists—including Jörg Immendorff, Anselm Kiefer, A.R. Penck, and Gerhard Richter—were part of a movement known as Neo-Expressionism, which garnered great attention in the United States. While Polke’s varied interests led him to eschew a signature style, some works—such as Raised Chair with Geese (1987–88), with its interwoven pictorial references (a rendering of a looming guard tower, line drawings of geese, and printed fabric with a pattern of eyeglasses, folding beach chairs, and folded beach umbrellas)—offered strange and compelling juxtapositions that are both allusive and ambiguous.

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Polke’s later work included Druckfehler (Printing Mistakes), a series of paintings from the 1990s that were inspired by printing errors in newspapers; the so-called machine paintings from the early 21st century, which were his first works that were completely produced with a computer; and The Axis of Time, a series of seven abstract paintings he made for the 2007 Venice Biennale. He also received a commission to design 12 stained-glass windows for the Grossmünster cathedral in Zürich, which, when completed in 2009, featured abstract compositions of sliced agates. It was a fitting final project for the artist, who apprenticed at a glass factory in his teens. Polke died at the age of 69 due to complications from cancer.

Polke taught at the Hochschule für Bildende Künste in Hamburg from 1977 to 1991. A traveling retrospective (1990–91) of his work was held at such locations as the Hirshhorn Museum, Washington, D.C.; Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago; and the Brooklyn Museum. Other retrospectives included “Sigmar Polke: History of Everything” (2003–04) at Tate Modern, London, and “Alibis: Sigmar Polke 1963–2010” (2014) at the Museum of Modern Art, New York. For his overall contribution to the art of painting, Polke received the Japan Art Association’s Praemium Imperiale prize in 2002.