Later experiments and publications of Stanley Milgram

In 1963 Milgram left Yale to join the faculty of Harvard’s social relations department. Several years later, having failed to secure tenure at Harvard, he took a position at CUNY. During the time of those transitions, Milgram carried out several notable experiments. In the “lost letter” experiment, he attempted to assess community outlooks on certain institutions, some political in nature, based on the rate at which people who found lost letters addressed to the particular institutions put the letters in the mail. The “small world” experiment aimed to determine the probability that two individuals (chosen at random) would know one another. In the 1970s he developed the so-called cyranoid method, in which one person speaks the words of another person, with the words to be spoken received via audio transmissions. Milgram believed that the method could be used to help individuals distance themselves from their speech and thereby gain novel insight into self-perception and social interactions.

Milgram wrote several texts discussing his various experiments and their context in the field of social psychology, including Obedience to Authority: An Experimental View (1974) and The Individual in a Social World: Essays and Experiments (1977). He also produced several films, including Obedience (1965), about his obedience studies, and The City and the Self (1972), which explored human behaviour in an urban setting. He was a member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the American Psychological Assocation.