Sylvia Mendez

Sylvia Mendez (born June 7, 1936, Santa Ana, California, U.S.) is an American civil rights activist and nurse who was at the centre of the court case Mendez v. Westminster, in which a federal court ruled in the mid-1940s that the school segregation of Hispanic children was unconstitutional.

Mendez’s father, Gonzalo, was from Mexico, and her mother, Felicitas, was from Puerto Rico. When Sylvia was a child, her family moved to Westminster in Orange county, California. In 1944, when she was eight, her family tried to register Sylvia and her brothers at a nearby Westminster elementary school. However, the public school did not admit Hispanic students, and the family was told to enroll the Mendez children at Hoover Elementary School, which was specifically for Mexican Americans. After appeals to Westminster’s principal and the county school board were unsuccessful, Gonzalo Mendez decided to take legal action.

In 1945 he hired civil rights attorney David Marcus, who filed a federal lawsuit against Westminster and three other school districts in Orange county. Joining the suit were four other Mexican American families whose children had been forced to attend segregated schools. Marcus argued that segregating children based on ethnicity was a violation of the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. He also stated that segregating the children was detrimental because it interfered with their ability to learn English and made them feel inferior. The defense countered that the segregation was based on the fact that Hispanic students were deficient in the English language and thus needed special instruction.

In early 1946 the judge ruled in favour of Mendez and ordered the four school boards to stop segregating Hispanic children. The next year an appeals court upheld the decision, and a couple of months later the state of California outlawed all segregation in its public schools. Mendez v. Westminster paved the way for the landmark 1954 Supreme Court case Brown v. Board of Education. Thurgood Marshall, who represented the plaintiffs, used Marcus’s equal protection argument to successfully argue that racial segregation in public schools was unconstitutional.

After the Mendez court case, Sylvia attended the desegregated Westminster elementary school. Later she graduated with an associate’s degree in nursing from Orange Coast Community College. She then earned a bachelor’s degree in nursing and a public health certificate from California State University at Los Angeles. She subsequently worked at the Los Angeles County University of Southern California Medical Center for more than 30 years.

After retiring from nursing, Mendez was active in teaching others about her legal case. In 2011 U.S. Pres. Barack Obama awarded her the Presidential Medal of Freedom for her work in civil rights.