Zuo Zongtang

Zuo Zongtang (born Nov. 10, 1812, Xiangyin, Hunan province, China—died Sept. 5, 1885, Fuzhou, Fujian province) was a Chinese administrator and military leader, one of the scholar-officials who worked to suppress the great rebellions that threatened the imperial government during the second half of the 19th century. Zuo’s efforts helped revive the declining Qing (Manchu) dynasty (1644–1911/12) and reestablished the Chinese position in Central Asia.

Born into a well-connected, scholarly family, Zuo passed his preliminary civil-service examinations and devoted himself to geographic and agricultural studies. Around 1850, when the Taiping Rebellion began to spread through South China, Zuo helped organize local defense forces, and he soon became one of the top imperial commanders. By 1863 he was governor-general of Zhejiang and Fujian and one of the most powerful figures in China.

In 1867 he was made governor-general of Shaanxi and Gansu to quell the Muslim rebels there. Zuo slowly and systematically defeated the rebels, using a combination of effective taxation, encouragement of economic production, and Western technology. Following this campaign, he successfully argued in favour of attempting the reconquest of Chinese Central Asia (now the Uygur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang) from other Muslim rebels. Zuo helped finance and supply his troops by building his own arsenal and woolen mill and forcing his troops to grow grain and cotton in their spare time. He not only destroyed the rebels but also reestablished Chinese power so convincingly that China regained, by the Treaty of St. Petersburg in 1881, the important border passes that Russia had occupied during the Muslim rebellion. A sick old man, blind in one eye, Zuo was still not allowed to retire. In 1884 he was sent to South China and placed in charge of defenses in the war with France. He died soon after the peace settlement.