antiglobalization

antiglobalization, social movement that emerged at the turn of the 21st century against neoliberal globalization, a model of globalization based on the promotion of unfettered markets and free trade.

Definitions of globalization

Looking at definitions of globalization by important social scientists such as Anthony Giddens, David Held and colleagues, and Roland Robertson shows that they concentrate on quite similar aspects. Giddens portrayed globalization in 1990 as intensified worldwide social relations where local events are shaped by distant occurrences. Held and colleagues wrote in 1999 that globalization exemplifies interconnectedness of regions near and far, allowing for enhanced social activity and power networking. Robertson noted in 1992 that the term globalization denotes both a compression of the world and greater consciousness of the world as an entity.

These definitions show that the central aspects of globalization are interconnection, intensification, time-space distanciation, deterritorialization, supraterritoriality, time-space compression, action at a distance, and accelerating interdependence. Globalization might be defined as the stretching of social relationships in space and time: a globalizing social system enlarges its border in a way that means social relationships can be maintained across larger spatial and temporal distances. Globalization is based on processes of disembedding—that is, the production of time-space distanciation of social relationships. Yet processes of disembedding are accompanied by processes of reembedding—processes that adapt the newly disembedded social relationships to local (temporal and spatial) conditions. Globalization involves the stretching of practices and structures that constitute social systems in time and space, and it results in an increase of the intensity, extensity, reach, and velocity of social relationships; that is, there is a faster and wider flow of more artifacts, people, and symbols over networks across space-time. Disembedding and reembedding are interconnected processes that are an expression of the dialectic of the global and the local. The global is based on the interaction of localities; the local is adapted to local circumstances. Robertson spoke of this with the term glocalization in 1994.

The common theme raised by a number of theorists of globalization such as Giddens, Manuel Castells, and David Harvey was that modern technologies such as the computer both accelerate social relationships and make them more flexible. The history of modern society is a history of globalization and of the technological acceleration of transportation (of data, capital, commodities, people) that makes the world a smaller place: technologies increasingly mediate social relationships more efficiently so that distances appear to shrink. Technological progress has resulted in an increasing separation of the movement of information from that of its carriers; the movement of information gathered speed on a pace much faster than the travel of bodies. Transportation and communication technologies (railway, telegraph, radio broadcasting, automobile, television, aviation, digital computer-based communication technology, and digital network technology) especially increased the speed of global flows of capital, commodities, power, communication, and information. The Earth has been increasingly transformed into a global communication network that affects all realms of society. Knowledge is today quite substantially detached from territorial space: it cannot be situated at a fixed and limited territorial location, it operates largely without regard to territorial distance, and it transcends territorial space. Knowledge-based technologies such as the computer facilitate the delocalization and disembedding of communication in the sense of the generation of spatial and temporal distance.

Neoliberal globalization

The dominant form of globalization is neoliberal globalization. According to critics, neoliberal policies aim at creating a framework for the economy that makes it possible to raise profits by minimizing the costs of investment, reducing social security, and preaching individualism. With the rise of neoliberalism, they argue, all of society is increasingly dominated and penetrated by economic logic—that is, the logic of commodities and accumulating finance capital.

Neoliberalism is often associated with the following characteristics:

1. The state withdraws from all areas of social life.
2. The welfare state and collective responsibility are destroyed.
3. Self-help, self-responsibility of the individual for his or her problems, and the capability of the market to regulate itself without human intervention are preached.
4. Growth, productivity, and competition are presented as the only goals of human actions.
5. Old ultraliberal ideas are presented as modern and progressive.
6. Money and finance markets are homogenized under the dominance of a few nations.
7. A kind of new social Darwinism puts across the message that only the strong and remarkable survive in society and on the market.
8. A permanent insecurity of wage and living conditions (“flexploitation”), an individualization of work contracts, and state assistance and state subsidies for large corporations are all established and institutionalized.
9. Neoliberal ideologies claim that the economy is independent from society, that the market is the best means of organizing production and distribution efficiently and equitably, and that globalization requires the minimization of state spending, especially on social security.
10. These developments are presented as something inescapable, self-evident, and without alternatives.
11. The neoliberal state creates the legal framework for flexible wages and flexible working times.
12. Collective bargaining systems are increasingly superseded by systems at a sectoral, regional, or company level.
13. The state tries to facilitate capital investment and technological progress by subsidies, research and development (R&D) programs, funds, and institutional support.
14. The state increasingly tries to activate entrepreneurial thinking by creating new forms of self-dependence and self-employment, reducing unemployment benefits and welfare, tightening eligibility criteria, installing sanctions and coercive activation programs (workfare, welfare to work).
15. Pensions are increasingly cut and the retirement age lifted; private pension funds are encouraged.
16. Universities are considered as enterprises, and cooperation between universities and corporations is encouraged.
17. Regulation is increasingly important on, and shifted to, the supranational, regional, and local levels, and networks or links between cities, regions, and federal states are established (also on a cross-border basis).
18. Certain state functions are shifted to civil society (neocorporatism).
19. Public enterprises and services are increasingly privatized and commercialized.
20. Welfare is increasingly shifted from the private to the corporate level.
21. Transnational corporations introduce increasingly flexible ways of producing commodities, and they themselves are organized as globally distributed firms that are political as well as economic actors.
22. The nation-state is transformed into a competitive state: there is competition for good conditions of economic investment between nation-states, and, hence, nation-states are frequently forced to facilitate privatization, deregulation, and the deterioration of wages, labour legislation, and welfare policies to attract the interest of transnational capital. Whereas capital and transnational corporations operate at a global level, the state is forced to enforce political action at a national level.