Great Depression: Facts & Related Content
The worldwide economic downturn known as the Great Depression began in 1929 and lasted until about 1939. It caused steep declines in output, severe unemployment, and acute deflation and led to extreme human suffering and profound changes in economic policy. The Depression touched nearly every country of the world after first arising in the United States, where its social and cultural effects were especially profound.
Facts
| Also Known As | Depression of 1929 • Slump of 1929 |
|---|---|
| Date | 1929 - c. 1939 |
| Location | Europe • United States |
| Context | gold standard • international trade • macroeconomics • protectionism • stock market crash of 1929 |
| Background | stock market crash of 1929 • Black Thursday • gold standard • macroeconomics • international trade • panic • protectionism |
Top Questions
What was the Great Depression?
The Great Depression, which began in the United States in 1929 and spread worldwide, was the longest and most severe economic downturn in modern history. It was marked by steep declines in industrial production and in prices (deflation), mass unemployment, banking panics, and sharp increases in rates of poverty and homelessness.
What were the causes of the Great Depression?
Four factors played roles of varying importance. (1) The stock market crash of 1929 shattered confidence in the American economy, resulting in sharp reductions in spending and investment. (2) Banking panics in the early 1930s caused many banks to fail, decreasing the pool of money available for loans. (3) The gold standard required foreign central banks to raise interest rates to counteract trade imbalances with the United States, depressing spending and investment in those countries. (4) The Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act (1930) imposed steep tariffs on many industrial and agricultural goods, inviting retaliatory measures that ultimately reduced output and caused global trade to contract.
How did the Great Depression affect the American economy?
In the United States, where the Depression was generally worst, industrial production between 1929 and 1933 fell by nearly 47 percent, gross domestic product (GDP) declined by 30 percent, and unemployment reached more than 20 percent. Because of banking panics, 20 percent of banks in existence in 1930 had failed by 1933.
How did the United States and other countries recover from the Great Depression?
Three factors played roles of varying importance. (1) Abandonment of the gold standard and currency devaluation enabled some countries to increase their money supplies, which spurred spending, lending, and investment. (2) Fiscal expansion in the form of increased government spending on jobs and other social welfare programs, notably the New Deal in the United States, arguably stimulated production by increasing aggregate demand. (3) In the United States, greatly increased military spending in the years before the country’s entry into World War II helped to reduce unemployment to below its pre-Depression level by 1942, again increasing aggregate demand.
When did the Great Depression end?
In most affected countries, the Great Depression was technically over by 1933, meaning that by then their economies had started to recover. Most did not experience full recovery until the late 1930s or early 1940s, however. The United States is generally thought to have fully recovered from the Great Depression by about 1939.
Did You Know?
- About 15 million Americans were jobless and almost half the United States' banks had failed by 1933.
- Even those in the United States who kept their jobs watched their incomes shrink by a third.
- Americans did not imagine that The Great Depression would happen after the market crashed since 90% of American households owned no stocks in 1929.
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Related Topics and References
Topics
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Key People
Franklin D. Roosevelt
president of United States
Herbert Hoover
president of United States
Causes and Effects
Causes
- Banking panics and bank failures in the U.S. and elsewhere in 1930-33
- A monumental decline in spending that generated a decline in production
- Decision-making by the U.S. Federal Reserve that caused declines in the money supply
- Excessive stock-market speculation in the U.S. that resulted in the Great Crash of 1929
- Maintenance of the international gold standard
- The Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act and other protectionist trade policies
Effects
- Development of Keynesian economics
- End of the international gold standard by the late 1930s
- Expanded influence of labour unions and organized labour through legislation such as the Wagner Act in the U.S.
- Implementation of the New Deal in the U.S. and welfare-state policies internationally
- Increased government oversight of financial markets by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and other new regulatory agencies
- Precipitous decline in standards of living around the world
- Up to 25% unemployment in industrialized countries in the early 1930s
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