Syria

Table of Contents

Introduction & Quick Facts
Land
- Relief
- Drainage
- Soils
- Climate
  - Temperature and precipitation
  - The winds
- Plant and animal life
People
- Ethnic and linguistic groups
- Religion
- Settlement patterns
  - Traditional regions
  - Rural settlement
  - Urban settlement
- Demographic trends
Economy
- Agriculture, forestry, and fishing
- Resources and power
- Manufacturing
- Finance
- Trade
- Services
- Labor and taxation
- Transportation
Government and society
- Constitutional framework
- Local government
- Justice
- Political process
- Security
- Health and welfare
- Housing
- Education
Cultural life
- Daily life and social customs
- The arts
- Cultural institutions
- Sports and recreation
- Media and publishing
History
- Early history
- Hellenistic and Roman periods
  - The Hellenistic Age
  - Roman provincial organization
  - Economy and culture
  - Byzantine Syria
- Medieval period
  - Islamic conquest
  - The Umayyads
  - The ʿAbbāsids
  - From the 9th to the 12th century
  - The Ayyubids and Mamluks
- Ottoman period
  - Ottoman government, 16th–17th centuries
  - Decline of Ottoman authority
  - Egyptian domination
  - Ottoman rule restored
  - World War I
- The French mandate
- World War II and independence
- Early years of independence
  - The colonels
  - The union with Egypt, 1958–61
  - The “secessionist” regime, 1961–63
- Baʿathist Syria after 1963
  - Emergence and fracture of the Syrian Baʿath
  - Ideology and foreign policy to 1990
  - Foreign engagement and domestic change since 1990
    - Foreign policy
    - Domestic challenges
    - Uprising and civil war
      Spread of ISIL into eastern Syria and international involvement in the war
      Turning point in the war
      Rebels’ 2024 offensive and the overthrow of Bashar al-Assad

References & Edit History Facts & Stats

Images, Videos & Interactives

Damascus: Umayyad Mosque

physical features of Syria

Tigris and Euphrates river basin

Syria: Ethnic composition

Syria: Religious affiliation

Aleppo, Syria: Great Umayyad Mosque

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Syria: Facts & Stats

Written and fact-checked by The Information Architects of Encyclopaedia Britannica

Facts

Also Known As	Sūrīyah • Syrian Arab Republic • Al-Jumhūriyyah al-ʿArabiyyah as-Sūriyyah
Head Of State And Government	President: (vacant)²; Prime Minister: Mohammed al-Bashir (caretaker)
Capital	Damascus
Population	(2024 est.) 23,434,000⁴
Form Of Government	unitary multiparty republic with one legislative house (People’s Assembly [250])¹
Official Language	Arabic
Official Religion	none³
Official Name	Al-Jumhūriyyah al-ʿArabiyyah al-Sūriyyah (Syrian Arab Republic)
Total Area (Sq Km)	185,180
Total Area (Sq Mi)	71,480
Monetary Unit	Syrian pound (S.P)
Population Rank	(2023) 53
Population Projection 2030	28,647,000
Density: Persons Per Sq Mi	(2024) 327.8
Density: Persons Per Sq Km	(2024) 126.5
Urban-Rural Population	Urban: (2024) 58% • Rural: (2024) 42%
Life Expectancy At Birth	Male: (2022) 72.8 years • Female: (2022) 75.8 years
Literacy: Percentage Of Population Age 15 And Over Literate	Male: (2014) 92% • Female: (2014) 81%
Gni (U.S.$ ’000,000)	(2021) 12,024
Gni Per Capita (U.S.$)	(2021) 560
¹ On December 12, 2024, the People’s Assembly was dissolved and the constitution was suspended.²Bashar al-Assad was toppled in December 2024 by rebel forces led by Abu Mohammad al-Jolani (Ahmad al-Sharaa). The transitional government, tentatively set to oversee the government until March 2025, is led by Mohammed al-Bashir, who also heads the unrecognized Idlib-based government of Sharaa’s Hayat Tahrir al-Sham.³Islam is required to be the religion of the head of state and is the basis of the legal system.⁴The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees estimates that, as of November 2017, more than 5.3 million Syrian refugees had left the country as a result of the Syrian Civil War.

Photos and Videos

Damascus: Umayyad Mosque

physical features of Syria

Tigris and Euphrates river basin

Aleppo, Syria: Great Umayyad Mosque

Syria: ancient city of Bostra

When was the ancient citadel of Aleppo built?

National anthem of Syria

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