Acre

Acre, city, northwestern Israel. It lies along the Mediterranean Sea, at the north end of the Bay of Haifa (formerly Bay of Acre). Its natural harbor was a frequent target for Palestine’s many invaders over the centuries. The earliest mention of Acre is in an Egyptian text dating from the 19th century bce. The Bible (Judges 1) states that the city did not fall to the Israelites under Joshua and his successors; the Canaanites and Phoenicians, Semitic peoples of Palestine and the Levant, long held the site. Later it was conquered by Alexander the Great (332 bce) and by the Egyptian king Ptolemy II Philadelphus (reigned 285–246 bce), who renamed the city Ptolemais.

Acre was a principal base of the Romans when they suppressed the Jewish revolt of 66–70 ce. Later conquerors included the Persians (614), the Arabs (638), and the Crusaders (1104), who named the city St. Jean d’Acre and made it their last capital. Its capture in 1291 by the Mamluk sultan al-Ashraf Khalil (reigned 1290–93) marked the end of Crusader rule in the Holy Land. From 1516 to 1918 Acre was, except for brief intervals, under the rule of the Ottoman Turks. In 1918 it was taken by British forces and subsequently became a part of Palestine under British mandate (1922).

The city’s old fortifications and citadel were strengthened by Ahmad Pasha al-Jazzār (Arabic: “The Butcher”), the Turkish governor (1775–1804), and withstood Napoleon’s siege (1799). Though the city surrendered to the Egyptian viceroy Ibrahim Pasha in 1832, the citadel itself was never successfully forced until May 3, 1948, when, as a British prison, it was taken by the Irgun Zvai Leumi, a Jewish guerrilla group. Acre was occupied by regular Israeli troops on May 17. Though most of the city’s Arab inhabitants fled during the Israeli takeover, about 3,000 remained; the city’s population in the late 20th century was about three-fourths Jewish.

Acre’s ancient port has silted up in modern times and hence has become secondary to Haifa’s across the bay. It is used only by small fishing boats. Industries in modern Acre include a steel-rolling mill and match, tile, and plastic plants. Prominent structures, aside from the citadel, include the Great Mosque, built by Al-Jazzār and named for him; the Municipal Museum, housed in the Pasha’s bathhouse; the Crypt of St. John, actually a Crusader refectory; and several churches built on Crusader foundations. Just north of the city is the tomb of Bahāʾ Allāh, Iranian founder of the Bahāʾī Faith. To the south is a large industrial zone; paint factories are found in the east. The city remains the major trade center for Arab settlements in western Galilee and is becoming popular with tourists. Acre is the site of the Nautical College of the Israeli navy. The city was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 2001. Pop. (2008) 46,100; (2021 est.) 49,614..