Because Albuquerque was a distant outpost of the Spanish empire, its residents were mostly of Hispanic or mixed Hispanic–Native American ancestry until the late 19th century. Influxes of Protestant settlers (generally of northern European descent) throughout the late 19th and early 20th centuries reduced the predominantly Roman Catholic Hispanic population to a minority by the late 1880s. Nevertheless, in the early 21st century more than two-fifths of Albuquerque’s residents were of Hispanic origin. The core of this population was made up of descendants of families who came to New Mexico during the long period of Spanish rule (before Mexico became independent). Calling themselves Hispanos, they distinguish themselves from other Latinos, especially those who have more recently arrived from Mexico and who are locally referred to as Chicanos or Mexicans. Members of the older Hispano families remain prominent in city politics.
The majority of the remainder of the population consists of descendants of Europeans (about two-fifths). The city has a small population of Native Americans, many of whom arrived as university students from the Apache and Navajo reservations of Arizona and New Mexico and remained in the city to work after graduating. Most of the area’s American Indians, however, live in independent pueblos to the north and south of the city; all but a few of Albuquerque’s pueblos lie within an hour’s drive of Downtown. Albuquerque also has a growing community of South and Southeast Asians, many of whom began to work in the high-technology and service sectors in the mid-1970s.
Albuquerque’s recent pattern of growth, with suburbs expanding farther from the city centre, has created de facto segregation in housing. Members of ethnic minorities are concentrated in older sections of the city along the Rio Grande, and those of the “white” majority tend to reside in the foothills of the Sandia Mountains.
Economy
For hundreds of years before and after the arrival of the Spanish, the basis of Albuquerque’s economy was agricultural, and small farms and large cattle ranches surrounded the pueblos and Old Town. During Spanish rule, Albuquerque served as a shipping point for metal ores and timber brought in from nearby mines and mills, though the city’s distance from Mexico kept Albuquerque from gaining economic importance outside the region. After the arrival of transcontinental rail lines in the early 1880s, however, Albuquerque became an important distribution centre for imported and locally produced goods. Since the mid-20th century, agriculture has been of relatively little economic importance to the city, and only a few ranches still operate. Albuquerque’s modern economy is based on light manufacturing, services, and research and development.
Manufacturing
Present-day Albuquerque serves as a transportation centre for commerce and industry. Manufactures include electronics, lumber, machinery, and foodstuffs. By the early 1990s, several high-technology firms had established plants for the manufacture of semiconductors and other computer components.
Finance and other services
Sandia National Laboratories, an assemblage of government laboratories and offices, military installations, and other manufacturing firms, and the University of New Mexico are the city’s largest employers. However, most of Albuquerque’s workforce is employed in service jobs, particularly in restaurants, hotels, and retail shops. In the late 1990s the average income of city dwellers was the second lowest in the Southwest, and unemployment and underemployment were prevalent, particularly in the predominantly Hispanic South Valley. Conditions improved in the following decade, with Albuquerque’s economy generally resembling those of other southwestern cities.
Tourism is an important adjunct to the economy. Old Town, the original Spanish settlement, draws many visitors. The Sandia Peak Ski Area, with an aerial tramway, is a few miles northeast.
Transportation
By virtue of its location along the Rio Grande, running north-south, and across level uplands leading to the mountains to the east and west, Albuquerque has long been a transportation centre. Beginning in the 19th century, several railroad lines ran through the city, which today is served by the Union Pacific and Amtrak. Two major interstate highways pass through the city, intersecting in the heart of Downtown. Both highways, as well as local arterials, are regularly congested; alternatives to relieve some of the crowding in the city itself (such as light rail service and streetcars) have been discussed by city officials. A short-run commuter railroad runs along the main interstate corridor from the northern town of Bernalillo to the outlier southern town of Belen through Downtown Albuquerque. Albuquerque International Airport is among the busiest in the western United States, with direct flights to domestic cities and connections to numerous international destinations.
Administration and society
Government and municipal services
Albuquerque is governed by a mayor and a nine-member city council. Like many cities in the West, the elected council’s power is secondary to that of the appointed city manager, whose office controls the budget and most day-to-day governmental operations. The city provides waste-collection services, police and fire protection, and the maintenance of a network of municipal parks.
Health
Albuquerque enjoys a long tradition of excellent health care, with several modern private and public hospitals, a legacy of both the military presence in the area and the city’s role as a convalescent centre during the nationwide tuberculosis epidemic in the early 20th century. In addition to private and public facilities, both the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs and the U.S. Indian Health Service operate clinics and hospitals in Albuquerque.
Education
Albuquerque boasts several fine private schools and the state’s principal higher educational institution, the University of New Mexico (1889). The city is also the site of the Albuquerque Technical-Vocational Institute. At the beginning of the 21st century, however, Albuquerque’s public education system suffered from overcrowding and a lack of funding.
Cultural life
As a cultural centre, Albuquerque has long been overshadowed by its northern neighbour, Santa Fe, with its carefully preserved historic architecture and thriving arts district. Since the 1990s, however, Nob Hill, the area along Central Avenue (old Route 66) east of the University of New Mexico campus, has grown to become the heart of Albuquerque’s culture and nightlife. Restaurants, art galleries, theatres, and cinemas are plentiful, as are bookstores that sometimes feature readings and appearances by well-known local writers such as novelists Tony Hillerman and Rudolfo A. Anaya and poets Jimmy Santiago Baca and Patricia Clark Smith.
Recreational areas include the Albuquerque Biological Park, which encompasses the Rio Grande Zoo, the Albuquerque Aquarium, and the Rio Grande Botanic Gardens and Conservatory. Downtown Albuquerque houses the KiMo Theater, a restored masterpiece of Pueblo Deco, a blend of Pueblo Indian and Art Deco styles; the Albuquerque Museum, a repository for historical documents and artworks; and the New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science. The Maxwell Museum of Anthropology, on the campus of the University of New Mexico, holds important collections of Native American artifacts, as does the Indian Pueblo Cultural Center.
Albuquerque’s most popular annual events are the New Mexico State Fair, held in mid-September, and the Albuquerque International Balloon Fiesta, one of the largest ballooning festivals in the world, which takes place in early October.