Agriculture plays an important part in the province’s economy. However, it is not homogeneous and varies widely, from the highly capitalized dairy industry of the lower Fraser valley to the fruit orchards and vineyards of the Okanagan, the mixed farms of the Bulkley valley, and the highly specialized grain farms of the Peace River country. Geography severely limits agricultural production in British Columbia, where cultivated land constitutes only a tiny percentage of the province’s total area.

Forestry is the most significant of British Columbia’s resource industries. Traditionally centred on the west coast—where the dense temperate rainforest produced large trees easily accessible by water—logging, sawmilling, and pulp and paper production spread to the central and eastern parts of the province in the postwar years. However, since the early 1970s the total volume of timber cut in the interior has exceeded that on the coast. British Columbia has nearly one-fifth of Canada’s total forested land but two-fifths of its marketable timber, and it produces nearly half of the wood harvested in Canada annually for lumber production. The corporate structure of the industry also changed after World War II, with a few giant multinational corporations, often controlled by American capital, replacing the previously decentralized ownership. Corporate concentration of the forest industry also occurred as a result of provincial government policy. In the 1990s public concern over logging practices elevated conservation as a major government issue.

Several species of Pacific salmon provide the traditional foundation for British Columbia’s sportfishing and commercial fishing activity, although groundfish, such as cod, now make up the largest portion of the annual commercial catch. Halibut, herring, and various shellfish are also much sought after. Fish processing, which was once carried on in dozens of small canneries spread along the coast, has since the 1940s become concentrated into a few large plants near Vancouver and Prince Rupert. Aquaculture has also grown in significance.

Resources and power

Mineral resources have formed a basis of British Columbia’s economy since the arrival of Europeans. Coal and gold mining provided much of the impetus for the region’s growth in the 18th century. An infusion of capital into mining, mineral processing, and mineral exploration led to renewed expansion of the sector in the early 21st century. Mines are located throughout the province and include open-pit coal mines in the southeastern and northeastern corners of the province and open-pit copper mines southwest of Kamloops. Petroleum and natural gas have been extracted from wells in northeastern British Columbia since the 1950s, and new reserves have continued to be found.

The production of hydroelectric power has greatly facilitated British Columbia’s economic expansion. Coal from Vancouver Island and, starting in 1898, from the Crowsnest Pass in the province’s southeastern corner provided the major energy source for railroads and industry well into the 20th century. However, British Columbia’s mountainous relief and, in certain areas, high precipitation create vast potential for the production of hydroelectricity. The quest for cheap electric power, which had been generated in relatively small quantities at several locations since the end of the 19th century, led to a privately funded project to produce electric energy for an aluminum smelter at Kitimat on the northwestern coast in the early 1950s and vast construction projects on the Columbia and Peace rivers in the 1960s. On the Peace River, the province’s publicly owned electric utility erected the W.A.C. Bennett Dam, one of the world’s largest earth-filled structures, and on the Columbia River are the Mica, Hugh Keenleyside, Revelstoke, and Duncan dams.

Manufacturing and services

Most of British Columbia’s urban areas mainly provide services for, or process the products of, nearby fishing, farming, mining, and logging operations. For instance, Nanaimo, once a grimy coal-mining town, now prospers as a market centre for fish, lumber, and pulp and paper and as a tourist destination. Trail specializes in mineral smelting, and Prince George and Kamloops are centres for the large forest-products industry in the province’s interior. Kelowna, an agricultural service centre, also benefits from logging and mining as well as tourism.

After 1900 the management of the coastal region’s resource industries gravitated to Vancouver, as did sawmilling, fish processing, and secondary manufacturing. Yet Greater Vancouver is less tied to the resource economy than other urban places in British Columbia. The area’s multifaceted urban economy increasingly depends on trade and finance connections to markets around the Pacific Rim. In addition, high-technology industry is growing in importance, especially in the Vancouver area. The provincial capital and second largest city, Victoria, is now largely a service community. Tourism is increasingly significant throughout the region.