Chiapas Highlands
Chiapas Highlands, high-elevation region of dissected plateaus enclosing the central valley of Chiapas in Chiapas state, southeastern Mexico. The highlands constitute the northwestern end of a mountainous region extending northward from the lowlands of Nicaragua to the Isthmus of Tehuantepec and are composed of three main features running parallel to the Pacific Ocean. The western section of the highlands is the Sierra Madre de Chiapas, a crystalline range of mountains reaching elevations of 9,000 feet (2,700 metres) within 20 miles (32 km) of the ocean. The central valley of Chiapas farther inland constitutes the central section. The Northern Mountains of Chiapas, block mountains capped with volcanic materials and reaching elevations above 12,000 feet (3,650 metres), compose the eastern section. The Tacaná Volcano, located on the southern extreme of the highlands at the Mexico–Guatemala border, rises to 13,484 feet (4,110 metres).
Rainfall is heaviest along the coastal slopes of the Sierra Madre de Chiapas, where the Aztecs grew their supply of cacao. The Spaniards entered the region in 1524 and succeeded in dominating the Aztecs only after bitter fighting. Cacao is still produced on the coastal slopes, together with coffee at higher elevations. The central valley floor, drained by the Grijalva River, supports crops of corn (maize), bananas, and coffee; higher parts of the valley produce wheat, and above the tree line in the northeastern mountains there is a zone devoted to cattle grazing. Tuxtla, located at the northern end of the Grijalva valley, is the largest population centre of the region. Chicoasén, a major hydroelectric project, is situated about 12 miles (19 km) north of Tuxtla on the Grijalva River. An inter-American railway and a paved highway run along the base of the Chiapas Sierra Madres, and the Pan-American Highway extends through the central Chiapas valley to the Guatemalan border. Huge petroleum reserves were discovered in the eastern highlands in the late 20th century; however, the people of Chiapas remained among the poorest in Mexico. Since 1994 the region has been notorious for human rights abuses and clashes between armed civilian and military groups.