Constanța

Constanța, city, capital of Constanța județ (county), southeastern Romania, on the Black Sea. Situated about 125 miles (200 km) east of Bucharest, it is the country’s principal seaport. Since 1960 a coastal conurbation stretching from Năvodari to Mangalia, including the principal Black Sea resort, Mamaia (5 miles [8 km] north), has been administered from Constanța.

The first record of a settlement is at the ancient city of Tomis, founded in the 7th century bc by Greek settlers from Miletus in Anatolia. The Romans annexed the region—known to them as Scythia Minor—in the 1st century bc; and in the 4th century ad Tomis was reconstructed by Constantine the Great and renamed Constantiana. It was the place of exile of the Roman poet Ovid in ad 9–17. Between the 6th century and the Turkish conquest in the early 15th century, the entire region was subject to invasions by the Goths, Huns, Avars, Gepidae, and others; under the Turks, Constanța (called Köstence, Küstenge, or Köstendje) declined to a village of 2,000. Its modern development as an industrial and trading centre dates from the return of the region to Romania in 1878.

Constanța is a centre of art and culture, with several museums and theatres. The archaeological museum has an important collection, and among Roman remains is a large mosaic tile floor. The port and dock facilities are modern and are connected by pipeline from the oil fields around Ploiești. A busy Black Sea port, Constanța has regular services to Ukraine, Russia, Turkey, and other nearby countries and to ports on the Mediterranean. Industrial products include pulp and paper and prefabricated concrete. It is also a food-processing centre. Pop. (2007 est.) 304,279.