Guyana’s most important mineral resources are the extensive bauxite deposits between the Demerara and Berbice rivers that contribute to making the country one of the world’s largest producers of bauxite. There are also significant deposits of manganese at Matthews Ridge in the northwest, about 30 miles (48 km) east of the Venezuelan frontier. Diamonds are found in the Mazaruni and other rivers of the Pacaraima Mountains; they continue to be mined by hand and by suction dredges in the interior rivers. Gold is found in both alluvial and subsurface deposits and is mined by independent prospectors and in medium- and small-scale mines. A large-scale mine, the Omai gold mine, ceased operations in 2005.

Other minerals include copper, iron ore, molybdenite (the source of molybdenum), nickel, white sand (used in glass manufacture), kaolin (china clay), and graphite. The main biological resource consists of the hardwoods of the tropical rainforest—especially the greenheart tree, which is resistant to termites, decay, and marine erosion. Offshore oil exploration began in the Guyana-Suriname Basin in late 2007, after Guyana’s longtime maritime boundary dispute with Suriname was resolved.

Most of Guyana’s energy must be imported; domestic electricity is produced largely by thermal generation and is available only on the coastal plain and along the lower reaches of the rivers. Hydroelectric potential in Guyana is considerable, especially at Tiger Hill on the Demerara River and Tiboku Falls on the Mazaruni. Development is hampered, however, by the remoteness of the falls and the large amounts of capital needed for generation and transmission facilities.

Manufacturing

Most bauxite and alumina (aluminum oxide occurring in hydrated form in bauxite) is processed in the city of Linden. The rest of the country’s bauxite mining takes place on the Berbice River; a processing plant also operates downriver at Everton.

The country’s many rice mills, like its rice fields, are generally small-scale and individually owned, although there are several large government mills along the coast. Other domestic industries are oriented toward the replacement of consumer imports, including cigarettes, matches, edible oils, margarine, beverages, soap and detergents, and clothing. Refined sugar, stock feeds, and rum and beer are also produced.

Finance

The Bank of Guyana, established in 1965, issues the national currency, the Guyanese dollar, and acts as the central bank. The country’s major commercial banks include local banks and branches of foreign banks. Other financial services are provided by the Guyana Cooperative Agricultural and Industrial Development Bank and the New Building Society, by insurance companies, most of which are foreign-owned, and by more than 1,500 cooperative societies, which serve as savings institutions and offer agricultural credit.

Trade

Guyana’s major trading partners are the United States, Canada, Trinidad and Tobago, China, the United Kingdom, Suriname, Belgium, the United Arab Emirates, and Japan. The major exports are sugar, gold, rice, diamonds, shrimp, and bauxite and alumina. Guyanese molasses, rum, and timber are also sold abroad. Major imports include fuels and lubricants, machinery, vehicles, textiles, and foods. In 1965 Guyana joined the Caribbean Free Trade Association (Carifta), now the Caribbean Community (Caricom), which has its headquarters in Georgetown.

Labour

The Trade Union Congress is an association of major unions. Among them are the Guyana Mine Workers’ Union, which is composed almost exclusively of Afro-Guyanese workers, and the Guyana Agricultural and General Workers’ Union, a predominantly Indo-Guyanese association.

Transportation

The limited road and highway system is partly paved and partly made of burned clay. Paved roads are found mostly in the coastal zone, and a highway connects the entire coastal area. The interior historically had few roads, but in the early 21st century more roads and bridges were constructed there, providing better access between villages and towns.

Guyana’s coastal railway, established in 1848 as South America’s first rail line, was discontinued in the 1970s, ending passenger service. A remaining freight line connects the manganese mines at Matthews Ridge with Port Kaituma on the Kaituma River, and another transports bauxite between Ituni and Linden. Privately owned minibuses play an important role in transporting passengers and goods to and from Georgetown.

The country’s main airport is located about 25 miles (40 km) from Georgetown and is served by several international airlines. Domestic commercial and private aircraft use landing strips and the quieter stretches of rivers.

Barges and small boats carry passengers and agricultural products in the canals of the coastal estates and villages. Larger boats traverse the estuaries that intersect the coastal plain. A pontoon bridge across the Demerara River, linking major segments of the coastal plain, opened in 1978. The Berbice River Bridge opened in 2008 and connects Guyana to Venezuela. A bridge over the Takutu River, connecting Guyana to Brazil, opened in 2009. Bauxite is loaded into oceangoing ships at Linden and manganese ore at Port Kaituma, but otherwise the country’s external trade passes through Georgetown, which maintains connections with the West Indies, Suriname, French Guiana, the United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States.