People of Jharkhand
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Population composition
Nearly two-fifths of the population of Jharkhand consists of various indigenous peoples classified as Scheduled Tribes, as well as members of the Scheduled Castes (formerly called “untouchables”; groups that officially occupy a low position within the Indian caste hierarchy). The Santhal, Oraon (Kurukh), Munda, Kharia, and Ho are the principal indigenous groups, and together they constitute the great majority of the total tribal population. Non-Scheduled peoples, who hold a higher status within the traditional Indian social system, constitute most of the remaining three-fifths of the population.
Hindus constitute the religious majority in Jharkhand. The Hindu population comprises the elite upper castes (Brahmans, Bhumihars, Rajputs, and Kayasthas), the large and diverse community of less-advantaged castes (such as the Yadavas, Kurmis, and Banias), and the Scheduled Castes (notably, the Chamars or Mochis, Dusadhs, and Mushars). Most of the tribal groups also follow Hinduism, although Christianity is significant among the Munda, Kharia, and Oraon peoples. Some members of the Scheduled Tribes—especially from the Ho community—adhere to local religions. There also is a notable Muslim minority within the state.
Languages from the Indo-European family are the most widely spoken in Jharkhand. Most prominent of these are Hindi; the Bihari languages of Bhojpuri, Maithili, and Magadhi; and Urdu, which is used primarily within the Muslim community. Some of the tribal languages—including Munda, Santhal, and Ho—belong to the Austroasiatic family, while other indigenous communities, such as the Oraon, speak Dravidian languages.
Settlement patterns
With just over one-tenth of its population classified as urban, Jharkhand remained one of the most rural states in India in the early 21st century. Dispersed villages are characteristic of Chota Nagpur, where settlement is confined largely to river valleys, deforested peneplains (areas reduced almost to plains by erosion), and mineral and industrial belts. The indigenous groups are concentrated mostly in the districts of Ranchi in central Jharkhand, Dumka in the northeast, and East and West Singhbhum in the southeast. The major cities and urban agglomerations are Ranchi, Jamshedpur, Dhanbad-Jharia-Sindri, and Bokaro-Chas.
Economy
Since the achievement of statehood at the turn of the 21st century, the government of Jharkhand has pursued an active course of economic planning and development. Information technology, transportation and infrastructure, agriculture, and local craft production have been among the prioritized sectors. Meanwhile, several Industrial Area Development Authorities—centred at Adityapur (near Jamshedpur), Bokaro, and Ranchi—have been charged with land acquisition, improvement of the infrastructure, and development of public utilities, among other functions, within their areas of jurisdiction.
Agriculture
Jharkhand is endowed with surface water and groundwater, fertile land, and a moderate climate, all of which have helped the state build a strong agriculture sector. The state’s agricultural-development programs have especially emphasized the raising of livestock for meat, dairy products, and wool. In an effort to improve quality and to increase the output of mutton and wool, a selective sheep-breeding program was implemented in the town of Chatra, in the northwest, and wool-collection centres were established in the district of East Singhbhum. Most of the state’s goats are raised in the districts of Dumka, Deoghar, and Godda, all in the northeast, although the state also has goat farms in Sahibganj, Chatra, and Ranchi districts. There are pig farms in various towns across the state, notably in Kanke (in Ranchi district), Saraikela (near Dhanbad), and Jamshedpur.
Resources and power
The Chota Nagpur plateau is the richest mineral belt in India, and it is responsible for a significant share (by value) of the country’s mineral yield. Jharkhand produces almost the entire national output of copper, kyanite (used in the manufacture of heat-resistant porcelain), pyrite (used to make sulfuric acid), and phosphate, as well as much of the output of bauxite (a source of aluminium), mica, kaolin and other clays, and iron ore. Most of these minerals are mined in the districts of East and West Singhbhum. Coal, however, accounts for the bulk of Jharkhand’s mineral production. The principal coalfields, all in the Damodar River valley in eastern Jharkhand, supply most of the coking coal of India.
The Damodar Valley Corporation (DVC) is the most prominent multipurpose power project of Jharkhand. The corporation operates several thermal plants and hydroelectric dams not only in Jharkhand but also in neighbouring West Bengal; all the stations are networked within the DVC grid, which serves urban and rural areas in both states.
Manufacturing
Traditional artisan-based cottage industries engage the majority of the manufacturing workforce of Jharkhand, particularly in Hazaribag, Ranchi, East and West Singhbhum, and Jamshedpur districts. Some artisans engage in sericulture, while others manufacture lac and glasswork, handloom products, brassware, stone carvings, cane and bamboo products, various woodworks, and pottery.
Most of the remainder of the state’s manufacturing workers are employed in metal- and agriculture-based industries. Ranchi, Bokaro, and Jamshedpur rank among the largest industrial complexes in India. East and West Singhbhum, the richest mineral-bearing districts, are particularly important for heavy industries. Copper is smelted near the town of Ghatsila, in East Singhbhum, while Jamshedpur district is the seat of iron and steel production. Chaibasa, in West Singhbhum, manufactures cement from Jamshedpur slag. Heavy machinery is produced in Ranchi, and there is sheet-glass manufacturing at Kandra in West Singhbhum. Among the principal agricultural industries are sugar refining, tobacco processing, and jute milling.
Transportation
Although the road network has continued to expand since statehood, all-weather roads still reach fewer than half of Jharkhand’s villages. However, a number of national highways pass through the state, including the venerable Grand Trunk Road (one of the oldest roads in India). Road service is best on the Chota Nagpur plateau, where Allied operations during World War II brought many improvements.
The Kolkata-Delhi rail line, which opened in 1864, crosses Jharkhand. Extensive goods-handling facilities are located along the rails at Ranchi, Bokaro, Dhanbad, and Jamshedpur. In addition, ore-loading facilities are available at Lohardaga, in west-central Jharkhand, and at all the coal mines. Scheduled airlines serve Ranchi on a regular basis. Waterways, once important avenues of transport, are now of little significance in Jharkhand.