Lebanon - Phoenicians, Ottoman, Civil War

Lebanon

Table of Contents

Introduction & Quick Facts
Land
- Relief
- Drainage
- Soils
- Climate
- Plant and animal life
People
- Ethnic and linguistic composition
- Religion
- Settlement patterns
- Demographic trends
Economy
- Agriculture, forestry, and fishing
- Resources and power
- Manufacturing
- Finance
- Trade
- Services
- Labor and taxation
- Transportation
Government and society
- Constitutional framework
- Local government
- Justice
- Political process
- Security
- Health and welfare
- Housing
- Education
- Social and economic division
Cultural life
- Cultural milieu
- Daily life and social customs
- The arts
- Cultural institutions
- Sports and recreation
- Media and publishing
History
- Phoenicia
  - Origins and relations with Egypt
  - Phoenicia as a colonial and commercial power
    - Colonies
    - Commerce
    - Navigation and seafaring
  - Assyrian and Babylonian domination of Phoenicia
  - Persian period
  - Greek and Roman periods
- Lebanon in the Middle Ages
- Ottoman period
- French mandate
- Lebanon after independence
  - Khuri regime, 1943–52
  - Chamoun regime and the 1958 crisis
  - Chehabism: from Chehab to Hélou, 1958–76
  - Civil war
  - Lebanon’s Second Republic (1990– )
    - Politics and reconstruction in post-civil war Lebanon
      Rebuilding the political and economic infrastructure
      Resistance to the ongoing Israeli and Syrian presence in Lebanon
    - Factional wrangling over Hezbollah’s role in Lebanon
    - Regional impacts on Lebanon during and after the Arab Spring
    - Debt crisis
      2018 election and the formation of a national unity government
      Government mismanagement, anti-corruption protests, and the 2020 Beirut explosions
      Conflict with Israel beginning in 2023

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The evidence of tools found in caves along the coast of what is now Lebanon shows that the area was inhabited from the Paleolithic Period (Old Stone Age) through the Neolithic Period (New Stone Age). Village life followed the domestication of plants and animals (the Neolithic Revolution, after about 10,000 bce), with Byblos (modern Jubayl) apparently taking the lead. At this site also appear the first traces in Lebanon of pottery and metallurgy (first copper and then bronze, an alloy of tin and copper) by the 4th millennium bce. Urban settlements in Lebanon date to the early Bronze Age. The ...(100 of 18765 words)

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