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Ottoman Empire
Table of Contents
Introduction & Top Questions
The Ottoman state to 1481: the age of expansion
Origins and expansion of the Ottoman state, c. 1300–1402
Osman and Orhan
Murad I
Bayezid I
Restoration of the Ottoman Empire, 1402–81
Mehmed I and Murad II
Mehmed II
Ottoman institutions in the 14th and 15th centuries
Changing status of the Ottoman rulers
Institutional evolution
Military organization
The peak of Ottoman power, 1481–1566
Domination of southeastern Europe and the Middle East
Bayezid II
Selim I
Süleyman I
Classical Ottoman society and administration
The decline of the Ottoman Empire, 1566–1807
Internal problems
The triumph of the
devşirme
Corruption and nepotism
Economic difficulties
Social unrest
External relations
Reform efforts
Military defeats and the emergence of the Eastern Question, 1683–1792
Imperial decline in the 18th and early 19th centuries
Resistance to change
Contacts with the West
Military reforms
Selim III and the
nizam-ı cedid
The empire from 1807 to 1920
Rule of Mahmud II
Internal reform
Move toward centralization
The Tanzimat reforms (1839–76)
Purpose of the Tanzimat
Reform in education
Reforms in law
Obstructions to reforms
The 1875–78 crisis
The Ottoman constitution, 1876
Rule of Abdülhamid II
Pan-Islamism
Preservation of the empire
The Young Turk Revolution of 1908
Dissolution of the empire
Rise of the CUP
Internal developments
Turkish nationalism
Foreign relations
The people
World War I, 1914–18
Allied war aims and the proposed peace settlement
Sultans of the Ottoman Empire
References & Edit History
Quick Facts & Related Topics
Images & Videos
For Students
Ottoman Empire Timeline
Key People of the Ottoman Empire
Decline of the Ottoman Empire
Quizzes
The Ottoman Empire and the Middle East
Turkish and Ottoman History Quiz
Understanding the Ottoman Empire
Related Questions
Where did the Ottoman Empire start?
How did the Ottoman Empire start?
Why was the Ottoman Empire called “the sick man of Europe”?
How did the Ottoman Empire end?
How did Mehmed II come to power?
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Contents
Home
Geography & Travel
Historical Places
Ottoman Empire: Media
historical empire, Eurasia and Africa
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Videos
Inside the powerful Ottoman army
Learn about the Ottoman Empire's army, which was renowned for its archers.
Video: Contunico © ZDF Studios GmbH, Mainz; Thumbnail Yelkrokoyade
The Ottomans' failed siege of Vienna explained
Vienna withstood several sieges by the Ottomans, most notably in 1683.
Video: Contunico © ZDF Studios GmbH, Mainz
Listen to a Turkish perspective on the Gallipoli Campaign, known to Turkish people as the Battle of Çanakkale, 1915–16
A Turkish perspective on the Gallipoli Campaign (1915–16), widely known among Turks...
Video: © Behind the News (
A Britannica Publishing Partner
)
History and denial of the Armenian Genocide
Overview of the history and controversy surrounding the Armenian Genocide.
Video: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Examine how the Allied powers dismembered the Central Powers of World War I by a treaty that failed to prevent World War II
U.S. Pres. Woodrow Wilson was among the statesmen who gathered in France in June...
Video: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Explore the Ottoman Empire's army and its powerful archery unit
Learn about the Ottoman Empire's army, which was renowned for its archers.
Video: Contunico © ZDF Studios GmbH, Mainz; Thumbnail Yelkrokoyade
Learn about the history of the battle of Vienna, 1683
Vienna withstood several sieges by the Ottoman Turks, most notably in 1683.
Video: Contunico © ZDF Studios GmbH, Mainz
Images
The expansion of the Ottoman Empire
Map showing the expansion of the Ottoman Empire from about 1300 to 1700. The empire...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Orhan
Orhan, the second ruler of the Ottoman dynasty (reigned 1324–60).
Heritage Image Partnership/Alamy
Murad I
Murad I, detail of a miniature painting, 16th century; in the Topkapı Palace Museum,...
Sonia Halliday Photographs
Bayezid I
Bayezid I, undated engraving.
Photos.com/Jupiterimages
Mehmed I
Mehmed I, miniature from a 16th-century manuscript illustrating the dynasty; in the...
Courtesy of Istanbul University Library
Murad II
Murad II, detail of a miniature painting, 16th century; in the Topkapı Palace Museum,...
Sonia Halliday Photographs
Rumeli Fortress, Istanbul
Rumeli Fortress (Rumeli Hisarı) on the European bank of the Bosporus, Istanbul.
© William J. Bowe
Selim I
Selim I, detail of a miniature, 16th century; in the Topkapı Palace Museum, Istanbul.
Sonia Halliday
Süleyman I
Süleyman I (the Magnificent), detail of an engraving of a panel by Pieter Coecke...
Courtesy of the trustees of the British Museum
Mosque of Süleyman, Istanbul
Mosque of Süleyman, built in the mid-16th century, Istanbul.
Eliot76—iStock/Thinkstock
Murad IV
Murad IV, detail of a miniature painting, 19th century; in the Topkapı Palace Museum,...
Sonia Halliday Photographs
Selim III
Selim III, detail of a portrait; in the Topkapı Palace Museum, Istanbul.
Sonia Halliday
The dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, 1807–1924
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Thomas Nast: “Peace Rumors”
“Peace Rumors” cartoon by Thomas Nast, depicting Britain, Germany, Austria-Hungary,...
From
Th. Nast His Period and His Pictures
by Albert Bigelow Paine (The Macmillan Company, New York, 1904)
Abdülhamid II
Abdülhamid II, c. 1890.
George Grantham Bain Collection/Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (Digital File Number: cph 3b24436)
Enver Paşa
Enver Paşa.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Ottoman Empire
Egypt as part of the Ottoman Empire.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Ottoman Empire
The expansion of the Ottoman Empire is illustrated on this map.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Orhan
Orhan.
Heritage Image Partnership/Alamy
Mosque of Süleyman
The Mosque of Süleyman, designed by the architect Sinan, was built in Constantinople...
Owen Franken/Stock, Boston
Abdülaziz
Abdülaziz.
Sonia Halliday
Murad I
Murad I.
Sonia Halliday Photographs
Süleyman I
Süleyman I rides in a procession through Constantinople (Istanbul), in a detail of...
Courtesy of the trustees of the British Museum
Selim III
Selim III.
Sonia Halliday
Abdülhamid II
Abdülhamid II.
George Grantham Bain Collection/Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (Digital File Number: cph 3b24436)
Enver Paşa
Enver Paşa.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
dissolution of the Ottoman Empire
This map shows the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, from 1807.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Atatürk
Atatürk was the founder of the modern country of Turkey.
Victor Console/ANL/REX/Shutterstock.com
VIEW MORE
in these related Britannica articles:
Media for: Turkey
Media for: Roman Empire
Media for: Byzantine Empire
Media for: decline of the Ottoman Empire