Rafah

Rafah, city along the border of the Gaza Strip and Egypt that, for most of the 20th and into the 21st century, has been bisected with an eastern half in the Gaza area and a western half in Egypt. In 2023–24 Gazans displaced by the Israel-Hamas War crowded into the city as it became the final refuge for both civilians and what Israeli officials claimed was the “last bastion” of Hamas fighters. Most of those civilians fled Rafah in May 2024 as Israeli forces warned of imminent invasion and later entered the city. Between the withdrawal of Israeli forces from the Gaza Strip in 2005 and the invasion of Rafah in 2024, the border crossing south of the city was the Gaza Strip’s only border crossing that was not controlled by Israel. Pop. (2017) Gaza Strip, 208,449; (2023 est.) Egypt, 45,359.

History as a border town

Rafah is located on the southwestern edge of the region’s coastal plains, which give way to the deserts of the Sinai Peninsula to the city’s southwest and the Negev to the city’s southeast. Its history has been shaped by its recurrent status as a border town between Egyptian and Syrian powers. In 217 bce it was the site of Ptolemy IV Philopator’s decisive victory in the fourth conflict between the Ptolemaic and Seleucid dynasties over control of the southern Levant (see Syrian Wars). A Byzantine mosaic map from the 6th century ce shows Rafah near the “border of Egypt and Palestine” before it came under Arab Muslim rule decades later. In the late 10th century, at a time when the southern Levant was again a battlefield between forces from Egypt and Syria, the cartographer Ibn Ḥawqal described Rafah as being on the southern end of the former Abbasid district (jund) of Palestine. When British-occupied Egypt solidified Egypt’s independence from Ottoman rule and delineated a border in 1906, it ran through Rafah, bisecting the town. The town was briefly united in the late 20th century after Israeli forces occupied the Gaza Strip and the Sinai Peninsula in the Six-Day War (1967). But it was divided again in 1982 when they withdrew from the Sinai Peninsula in fulfillment of the 1979 Egypt-Israel peace treaty (see Camp David Accords).

In preparation for its withdrawal from the Sinai, Israel built Rafah’s modern border crossing south of the city along the main road between Gaza city and Al-ʿArīsh, Egypt, and it controlled the crossing until its withdrawal from the Gaza Strip in 2005. The division of Rafah in 1982 caused significant disruption—The Age at the time commented, “The great irony is that Rafah was united by war and now will be divided by peace”—and since then Israel and Egypt have destroyed much of the city’s central district to carve out a buffer zone along the border. Residents began digging tunnels to circumvent Israeli and Egyptian restrictions on the crossing of both people and goods. They were dug about 50 feet (15 meters) belowground, and many of them led from a house in the Gaza Strip to a house in Egypt. Subterranean tunnels in Rafah became a lifeline for smuggling vital goods into the Gaza Strip, particularly after the territory came under Israeli and Egyptian blockade in 2007. They were also used to smuggle weapons into the enclave.

Israel-Hamas War

In the weeks that followed the October 7, 2023, attack on Israel by Hamas and other militant groups based in the Gaza Strip, the Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) bombarded the territory and launched a ground invasion in the north of the enclave, pushing its residents southward. After Israeli forces advanced south to Khan Younis in November, Rafah became one of the only places in the Gaza Strip to avoid a ground offensive, and, as a result, more than half of the population of the Gaza Strip crammed into the city to escape the violence. In early February 2024 Israeli Defense Minister Yoav Gallant announced that Israeli forces planned to expand their operation into Rafah, which Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu described later that month as the “last bastion” of Hamas battalions. The plan sparked a rare rift with the United States, whose president, Joe Biden, mulled withholding military support if the operation proceeded without a comprehensive plan in place to protect civilians. In April Israeli forces began readying the Gaza Strip for an evacuation of Rafah. On May 6 the IDF issued orders for an evacuation from Rafah to begin and the following day it moved to take control of the Rafah border crossing and the Philadelphi Corridor along the border. On May 14 Israeli forces entered the city and within days the number of Palestinians who had fled Rafah since May 6 exceeded 800,000.