Rochester
Rochester, town and urban area (from 2011 built-up area), Medway unitary authority, historic county of Kent, southeastern England. It is situated on the River Medway, east of London and just above the Medway’s confluence with the Thames estuary, and is one of three large adjoining urban centres (the other two being Chatham and Gillingham to the east) that constitute the core of what is often called the “Medway Towns.” Rochester has had a long association with the community of Strood, which lies directly across the Medway from it.
In ancient times it was the site of a walled Roman-British town (Durobrivae), situated where the Roman road from the English Channel ports to London crossed the River Medway at the head of its estuary. The medieval city grew around its cathedral. The Church of St. Andrew was founded in 604 by King Aethelberht I, who made Rochester an episcopal see. It was a royal borough in the time of William I the Conqueror (reigned 1066–87), and its citizens acquired important privileges from Henry III (1216–72), which were confirmed by later kings. It is now a city by special letters patent.
The cathedral church has a Norman west front (1125–30) and later Gothic work. The remains of a Norman castle, chiefly a massive keep, overlook the river crossing, and there are remains of a 13th-century city wall. Other notable buildings include the Guildhall (1687), the almshouses (1579), and the Elizabethan mansion that houses the museum. At Borstal, southwest of Rochester, early experiments on the educational treatment of delinquent youths were carried out, from which derives the modern British Borstal system for treatment of young offenders.
The Medway is navigable to Rochester Bridge for vessels drawing 26 feet (8 metres). Since the 1850s considerable industrial development has taken place, notably in engineering and the manufacture of cement and paper. The city is situated on the railway line that runs from London to Canterbury and Dover. Pop. (2001) urban area, 27,125; (2011) built-up area subdivision (including Strood), 62,982.