Sao Tome and Principe: References & Edit History
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Assorted References
- African literature
- flag history
- physical geography
- population and demography
Additional Reading
Geography
Kathleen Becker, São Tomé and Príncipe: The Bradt Travel Guide (2008), provides an accessible overview of the country. Although dated, Francisco Tenreiro, A ilha de São Tomé (1961), is still a standard geographic text that includes much historical, economic, and anthropological data; and Arthur Wallis Exell, Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of S. Tomé (with Príncipe and Annobon) (1944), is a classic text still useful in discussion of the island’s flora. Patrice Christy and William V. Clarke, Guide des oiseaux de São Tomé et Príncipe/Guia dos pássaros de São Tomé e Príncipe (1998), is a guide in French and Portuguese to the archipelago’s notable ornithology. Luiz Ivens Ferraz, The Creole of São Tomé (1979), analyzes the local language. Pablo B. Eyzaguirre, “The Ecology of Swidden Agriculture and Agrarian History in São Tomé,” Cahiers d’Études Africaines, 26(1–2):113–129 (1986); and Tony Hodges, “São Tomé and Príncipe: Combating Cocoa Colonialism,” Africa Report, 13:61–66 (1986), discuss agricultural issues and history. Jędrzej George Frynas, Geoffrey Wood, and Ricardo M.S. Soares de Oliveira, “Business in São Tomé and Príncipe: From Cocoa Monoculture to Petro-State,” African Affairs, 102:51–80 (2003), examines the changing economy. Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Profile: São Tomé and Príncipe (annual), provides up-to-date information on the economy, resources, and industry.
History
Gerhard Seibert, Comrades, Clients, and Cousins: Colonialism, Socialism, and Democratization in São Tomé and Príncipe, 2nd ed. (2006), is a comprehensive study of the country’s history, economy, society, and politics. Tony Hodges and Malyn Newitt, São Tomé and Príncipe: From Plantation Colony to Microstate (1988), is a general study of the country. Gervase Clarence-Smith, The Third Portuguese Empire, 1825–1975: A Study in Economic Imperialism (1985), provides the Portuguese colonial context for the 19th and 20th centuries. Stewart Lloyd-Jones and António Costa Pinto, The Last Empire: Thirty Years of Portuguese Decolonization (2003), focuses on the transition to democracy in São Tomé and Príncipe and other former Portuguese colonies. James Duffy, A Question of Slavery (1967), includes a detailed study of the labour system in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Robert Garfield, A History of São Tomé Island, 1470–1655: The Key to Guinea (1992), is a thorough study of the country’s early history.
William Gervase Clarence-Smith Gerhard SeibertArticle Contributors
Primary Contributors
Other Encyclopedia Britannica Contributors
Article History
| Type | Description | Contributor | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Modified title of Web site: United Nations - Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights - Sao Tome and Principe. | Dec 16, 2024 | ||
| Add new Web site: United Nations - Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights - Sao Tome and Principe. | Dec 10, 2024 | ||
| Add new Web site: OECD iLibrary - Sao Tome and Principe. | Jul 25, 2024 | ||
| Add new Web site: BBC News - Sao Tome and Principe country profile. | Oct 20, 2023 | ||
| Add new Web site: GlobalSecurity.org - São Tomé e Principe - Introduction. | May 12, 2023 | ||
| Add new Web site: GlobalEDGE - Sao Tome and Principe: Introduction. | Feb 15, 2023 | ||
| Country Profile: Updated Head of government. | Nov 14, 2022 | ||
| Add new Web site: GlobalSecurity.org - São Tomé e Principe - History. | Sep 16, 2022 | ||
| Country Profile: Updated Head of state. | Oct 04, 2021 | ||
| In the History section, updated with the results of the 2021 presidential election. | Sep 14, 2021 | ||
| Add new Web site: Interesting Facts for Kids - Interesting Sao Tome and Principe Facts. | Oct 24, 2019 | ||
| Country Profile: Updated the head of government. | Dec 04, 2018 | ||
| Country Profile: Expanded country profile. | Aug 11, 2018 | ||
| In People section, added data charts. | Jun 28, 2017 | ||
| Added locator map to the Introduction. | Jun 28, 2017 | ||
| In Economy section, added data charts. | Jun 28, 2017 | ||
| Media added. | Jun 28, 2017 | ||
| Deleted photograph. | May 26, 2017 | ||
| Add new Web site: Official Tourism Site of Sao Tome and Principe island. | Dec 06, 2016 | ||
| Country Profile: Updated head of state. | Sep 06, 2016 | ||
| In History section, updated with the need for and the results of the August 2016 presidential runoff election. | Aug 08, 2016 | ||
| In History section, updated with the results of the July 2016 presidential election. | Jul 18, 2016 | ||
| Country Profile: Updated head of government. | Dec 01, 2014 | ||
| Add new Web site: UCLA International Institute - African Studies Center - Sao Tome and Principe. | Jan 11, 2013 | ||
| Add new Web site: U.S. Department of State - Sao Tome and Principe, Africa. | Jan 11, 2013 | ||
| Add new Web site: Maps of World - Sao Tome and Principe, Africa. | Jan 11, 2013 | ||
| Add new Web site: Foreign and Commonwealth Office - Sao Tomé and Principe, Africa. | Jan 11, 2013 | ||
| Country Profile: Updated with name of new prime minister. | Dec 14, 2012 | ||
| Country Profile: Added name of head of state and head of government, along with urban-rural, life expectancy, literacy, and GNI per capita statistics. | Feb 29, 2012 | ||
| In History section, updated with the results of the August 2011 presidential runoff election. | Aug 08, 2011 | ||
| Country Profile: Changed Monetary unit. | Feb 08, 2011 | ||
| National anthem added. | Dec 21, 2010 | ||
| Removed diacritical marks from the country name Sao Tome and Principe. | Sep 15, 2010 | ||
| Country Profile: Updated area and population figures. | Mar 12, 2010 | ||
| Country Profile: Updated Official name. | Oct 20, 2009 | ||
| Added new Web site: National Geographic - Travel and Cultures - Sao Tome and Principe. | Apr 16, 2009 | ||
| Article thoroughly revised and updated. | Sep 30, 2008 | ||
| Bibliography reviewed and updated. | Sep 30, 2008 | ||
| Added new Web site: Central Intelligence Agency - The World Factbook - Sao Tome and Principe. | Jul 25, 2008 | ||
| Added new Web site: Lonely Planet - Sao Tome and Principe. | Jul 03, 2008 | ||
| Article reviewed and updated. | Jun 17, 2007 | ||
| Added new Web site: Library of Congress - Sao Tome e Principe - Selected Internet Resources. | Aug 08, 2006 | ||
| Added new Web site: CIA - The World Factbook - Sao Tome and Principe. | Jul 24, 2006 | ||
| Added new Web site: University of Pennsylvania: African Studies Center - Sao Tome and Principe. | Jun 23, 2006 | ||
| Article added to new online database. | Jul 26, 1999 |