Transportation of the Sénégal River
Extension of a railway from Kayes, Mali, to Dakar (completed in 1923) diverted traffic that previously went by river, after which the valley declined in economic importance. Local traffic, however, is carried by shallow-draft boats from Saint-Louis to Kayes. Most traffic plies between the Mauritanian river ports of Rosso, Bogué, and Kaédi. Minor ferries exist at Rosso and Kayes; there is a dry season causeway across the river at Kayes. Saint-Louis was once a seaport but was supplanted by the superior harbour at Dakar, some 160 miles (260 km) to the south, after a Dakar–Saint-Louis railway link opened in 1886.
Study and exploration
In medieval times reports of the Sénégal River’s existence as the “River of Gold” reached European navigators. From the 16th to the 20th century the river formed a route of advance for French colonial influence. French ships entered the estuary at least as early as 1558. From a French fort established in 1638, reconnaissance parties went 160 miles upriver to Podor. In 1659 a larger fort was erected on N’Dar Island in the estuary and named Saint-Louis-du-Sénégal for the French king Louis IX (St. Louis). This became a base for French exploration of the river and for trade in slaves, gum, gold, skins, ivory, beeswax, and ostrich feathers. André Brüe built a post, Saint-Joseph-de-Galam, 400 miles (640 km) upstream in 1698, and parties sent by him reached the Félou Falls above Kayes soon after. Some went up the Falémé, where another fort was built. Pierre David penetrated far up that river in 1744. In the 20th and 21st centuries much of the focus of activity has been on the development of the Sénégal’s resources. Since 1972 this has been undertaken cooperatively by Mali, Mauritania, and Senegal under the auspices of the Organization for the Development of the Sénégal River; Guinea joined the organization in March 2006.
Ronald James Harrison-Church Camille Camara The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica