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Constitutional framework
The first constitution of Senegal was promulgated in 1963 and revised through March 1998. A new constitution, approved by voters in January 2001 and since amended, proclaims fundamental human rights; respect for individual and collective property rights; political, trade-union, and religious freedoms; and a democratic and secular state.
Senegal is a multiparty republic. The 2001 constitution provides for a strongly centralized presidential regime—the head of state is the president, who is elected by direct universal adult suffrage and can be elected to two five-year terms. The prime minister, appointed by the president, is the head of government. Ministers are appointed by the president. Senegal has a unicameral legislature (the National Assembly), with most members directly elected; the remaining members are indirectly elected. All legislators serve five-year terms. Judicial, executive, and legislative powers are separated.
Local government and justice
Senegal is divided into 14 régions, which in turn are divided into départements and arrondissements. Each région is administered by a governor whose role is coordinative and who is assisted by two deputy governors, one dealing with administration and the other with development. Regional assemblies, the powers of which were increased in 1996, are composed of general councillors responsible for local taxation. In each département the prefect represents the republic, as do the ministers. There are also autonomous urban communes. Dakar is governed by an elected municipal council.
Judicial power in Senegal is exercised by the Constitutional Council, the Council of State, the Court of Cassation, the Court of Accounts, and the Courts and Tribunals. Senegal also has a High Court of Justice, whose members are elected by the National Assembly. The High Court tries government officials for crimes committed while in performance of their government duties.
Political process
The Senegalese played a pioneering role in the development of a modern political system in the territories of French West Africa. At first, political life was of concern only to an elite consisting of intellectuals, traditional chiefs, and the inhabitants of the four communes—Saint-Louis, Dakar, Rufisque, and Gorée—who had been French citizens since 1916. After World War II universal suffrage was introduced in stages, and the electorate increased from 890,000 voters in 1958 to 3,164,827 in 1998. Senegalese citizens now participate in the elections of the president, members of the National Assembly, and regional and municipal councillors.
Unlike most African states, which tend to pivot on a single political party, Senegal has a solidly entrenched multiparty system that is guaranteed by constitutional provision. Elections are contested by several parties representing a wide range of political views. In spite of this diversity, party politics since national independence was long dominated by the Socialist Party (until 1976 the Senegalese Progressive Union). Not until the 21st century did another party become dominant.
In addition to political party and trade union activities, other institutions also permit participation in the political process. These include societies for mutual assistance, which are organized at the regional as well as the village level, youth associations, and religious groupings, which are most influential. Muslims, particularly Sunnis, are aware of their political power and have even called for the establishment of an Islamic state. The government remains committed to a secular state.
Mame Madior Boye became Senegal’s first female prime minister in 2001. There have been several other women ministers in the government, and women accounted for almost two-fifths of members in the National Assembly after the 2012 elections.
Security
Senegal has a small military force consisting of army, navy, and air force contingents. Conscription is practiced, and conscripted recruits enter the military for two years. Senegalese troops have been involved in various United Nations-sponsored missions as well as peacekeeping functions sponsored by the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS).
Health and welfare
Although Senegal has a considerable range of medical facilities, most of them are concentrated in Dakar and are thus insufficient for the country’s health needs. They include hospitals, clinics, maternity homes, and various services specializing in diseases such as tuberculosis, syphilis, and leprosy. The Senegalese Red Cross, the Research Institute for Development, and the World Health Organization are also active. Most of the population, however, continues to utilize traditional African and Islamic forms of healing because they are more accessible and affordable.
Malaria is the leading cause of death by infectious disease in Senegal. There also has been a resurgence in tuberculosis, part of a worldwide trend, but polio, once a significant menace, has been nearly eliminated. In 1999 government legislation banned female genital cutting (also referred to as female genital mutilation or female circumcision). Cases of AIDS have been reported in Senegal, but the overall infection rate is not high compared with those of other sub-Saharan countries. This is due in large measure to a conscious effort on the part of the Senegalese government to educate its population about the disease when it began spreading throughout Africa. Pioneering work on the virus, particularly the strain most prevalent in West Africa, HIV-2, has been done at Senegalese universities by researchers such as Souleymane Mboup.
The standard of living in the countryside is low compared with that of the cities. Many people aspire to live in Dakar, but once they arrive there, they find a great disparity between exclusive wealthy neighbourhoods and sprawling shantytowns that are growing at an increasing rate. Power outages are common, as are crimes of property.