Table of Contents
References & Edit History Facts & Stats

Sudan: References & Edit History

Additional Reading

General works

Harold D. Nelson (ed.), Sudan, a Country Study, 3rd ed. (1983); and John Obert Voll and Sarah Potts Voll, The Sudan: Unity and Diversity in a Multicultural State (1985), provide basic information on the land, people, economy, and history. John Mack and Peter Robertshaw, Culture History in the Southern Sudan (1982), is a collection of articles on history, archaeology, language, and culture. Further sources on all aspects of the country may be found in M.W. Daly (comp.), Sudan (1983), an annotated bibliography.

Physical and human geography

A standard text on the physical and human geography of The Sudan is K.M. Barbour, The Republic of the Sudan: A Regional Geography (1961). A.J. Whiteman, The Geology of the Sudan Republic (1971), is a comprehensive and systematic account of The Sudan’s geology. Studies of the people of Sudan include Abd-al (abdel) Ghaffar Muhammad Ahmad, Shaykhs and Followers: Political Struggle in the Rufaʿa al-Hoi Nazirate in the Sudan (1974), an excellent analysis of the political and social structure of this nomadic community in the southern Funj region; Francis Mading Deng, Africans of Two Worlds: The Dinka in Afro-Arab Sudan (1978), a historical and social study of the Dinka people in the southern Sudan; Mark R. Duffield, Maiurno: Capitalism & Rural Life in Sudan (1981), a pioneering study of a West African migrant community on the Blue Nile; Wendy James, ʿKwanim Pa: The Making of the Uduk People (1979), an anthropological study of the Uduk people in the upper Blue Nile; B.A. Lewis, The Murle: Red Chiefs and Black Commoners (1972), an anthropological investigation of these southern Sudan people; and Fatima (Fatma) Babiker Mahmoud, The Sudanese Bourgeoisie: Vanguard of Development? (1984), a study that traces the roots and the development of the modern Sudanese bourgeoisie.

Essays on the economy are collected in Ali Mohamed El-Hassan (ed.), An Introduction to the Sudan Economy (1976); and in Norman O’neill and Jay O’brien (eds.), Economy and Class in Sudan (1988), on political economy, emphasizing the process of class formation. On agriculture, see Tony Barnett, The Gezira Scheme: An Illusion of Development (1977), a critical socioeconomic analysis of the Gezira cotton scheme; A.B. Zahlan (ed.), The Agricultural Sector of Sudan: Policy & Systems Studies (1986); and G.M. Craig (ed.), The Agriculture of the Sudan (1991), a regional survey that also includes much information on the country’s physical geography, people, economy, administrative and social conditions, and cultural life. Robert O. Collins, The Waters of the Nile: Hydropolitics and the Jonglei Canal, 1900–1988 (1990), describes the critical and sensitive relations of the riverine states over the vital Nile water. Tim Niblock, Class and Power in Sudan: The Dynamics of Sudanese Politics, 1898–1985 (1987); and Peter Woodward, Sudan, 1898–1989: The Unstable State (1990), analyze the country’s government. Cultural life is explored in Muḥammad ʿAbdul-Ḥai (Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Ḥayy), Conflict and Identity: The Cultural Poetics of Contemporary Sudanese Poetry (1976), which traces the development and analyzes the different schools of modern Sudanese poetry; and Sayyid (Sayed) ĕāmid ĕurreiz and Herman Bell (eds.), Directions in Sudanese Linguistics and Folklore (1975), an introductory work on language and folklore in The Sudan, part of a conference proceedings.

Ahmad Alawad Sikainga

Article History

Type Description Contributor Date
Add new Web site: GlobalSecurity.org - Sudan. Apr 19, 2024
Links added. Oct 12, 2023
In the History section, updated with the April 2023 clashes between the military and the RSF. Apr 19, 2023
Mentioned that St. Josephine Bakhita is a patron saint of Sudan. Jan 17, 2023
Add new Web site: GlobalEDGE - Sudan: Introduction. Dec 12, 2022
Add new Web site: South African History Online - Sudan. Aug 22, 2022
Country Profile: Updated Head of state and government. Jan 26, 2022
In the History section, updated with the November 2021 agreement that reinstated Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok. Dec 07, 2021
Country Profile: Updated Form of government, Head of state and government, and footnote. Nov 24, 2021
In the Government and society and History sections, updated with mention of the new Sovereignty Council formed in November 2021. Nov 17, 2021
Country Profile: Updated footnote. Nov 16, 2021
In the Government and History sections, updated with the October 2021 military coup. Oct 28, 2021
Country Profile: Updated Form of government, Head of state and government, and Footnotes. Oct 27, 2021
In the History section, added alternate spellings for “Kurqus” and added historical map. Jul 09, 2021
Updated the Government and society section with a description of the country's transitional government structure. Jan 29, 2020
In the History section, updated with transition talks and progress, the new Sovereignty Council, and Bashir's conviction on corruption-related charges. Jan 21, 2020
Corrected display issue. Sep 13, 2019
Country Profile: Updated form of government, head of state and government, and footnotes. Sep 04, 2019
Country Profile: Updated head of state and government. Apr 15, 2019
Country Profile: Updated form of government and head of state and government fields and footnotes. Apr 12, 2019
In the History section, updated with the April 2019 military coup that overthrew Omar al-Bashir. Apr 11, 2019
In the History section, updated with ongoing protests against Bashir's regime. Apr 10, 2019
Country Profile: Updated head of state and government. Feb 26, 2019
Media added. Jan 28, 2019
Add new Web site: Interesting Facts for Kids - Interesting Sudan Facts. Jan 16, 2019
In the History section, updated with the protests that began in December 2018 and have continued into 2019. Jan 10, 2019
Country Profile: Updated head of state and government and added a footnote. Sep 18, 2018
Country Profile: Expanded country profile. Aug 29, 2018
Add new Web site: World Health Organization - Sudan. Feb 08, 2018
Added locator map to the Introduction. Jul 26, 2017
In People section, added data charts. Jul 26, 2017
Deleted photograph. May 26, 2017
Media added. Mar 24, 2017
Add new Web site: Our Africa - Sudan. Dec 11, 2016
Add new Web site: World InfoZone - Sudan. Dec 09, 2016
Add new Web site: Easy Science for Kids - Sudan and South Sudan. Dec 09, 2016
Country Profile: Updated form of government; revised footnotes. May 24, 2016
In History section, updated with results of the April 2015 presidential and legislative elections. Apr 27, 2015
In History section, updated with the events leading up to the 2015 elections. Apr 09, 2015
Added video. Feb 12, 2015
Country Profile: Updated head of state and government Dec 09, 2013
Add new Web site: Tulane University - Sudan. Mar 12, 2013
Add new Web site: Tulane University - Sudan. Mar 12, 2013
Add new Web site: globalEDGE - Sudan. Mar 12, 2013
In Cultural life section, changed "Al-Ubbayid" to "Al-Ubayyiḍ." Mar 07, 2012
Country Profile: Changed official name, as well as form of government, head of state and government, capital, official languages, and official religion. Feb 23, 2012
Country Profile: Added name of head of state and head of government, along with urban-rural, life expectancy, literacy, and GNI per capita statistics. Feb 23, 2012
Add new Web site: Central Intelligence Agency - The World Factbook - Sudan. Jul 27, 2011
In History section, updated with launching of Sudan's new currency. Jul 26, 2011
In History section, updated with Bashir's announcements regarding austerity measures and changes in Sudan. Jul 18, 2011
Country Profile: Noted secession of South Sudan in footnote. Jul 09, 2011
In History section, added mention of the south's secession on July 9, 2011. Jul 09, 2011
People section revised and updated to reflect secession of the south in July 2011. Jul 09, 2011
Land section revised and updated to reflect secession of the south in July 2011. Jul 09, 2011
Introduction revised and updated to reflect secession of the south in July 2011. Jul 09, 2011
Government and society section revised and updated to reflect secession of the south in July 2011. Jul 09, 2011
Economy section revised and updated to reflect secession of the south in July 2011. Jul 09, 2011
Cultural life section revised and updated to reflect secession of the south in July 2011. Jul 09, 2011
In History section, updated with the June 20, 2011, Abyei agreement and ongoing conflict in Southern Kordofan. Jun 21, 2011
In History section, updated status of secession preparations and the invasion of the Abyei region by northern Sudanese troops. May 25, 2011
History section restructured. May 12, 2011
In History section, added map of the semiautonomous region of southern Sudan. May 03, 2011
Country Profile: Changed Official name; Form of government; Official languages. Apr 21, 2011
In Introduction, added mention of the final results of the referendum on southern independence. Feb 07, 2011
In History section, updated with announcement of final results of January's referendum on southern independence. Feb 07, 2011
In History section, added preliminary results of the January 2011 referendum on independence for southern Sudan. Jan 31, 2011
In Introduction, added mention of the 2011 referendum on independence for southern Sudan. Jan 31, 2011
National anthem added. Jan 31, 2011
In History section, updated with completion of the referendum on southern independence (January 9-15, 2010) and postponement of the Abyei referendum. Jan 17, 2011
In History section, updated with the results of the April 2010 elections. Apr 26, 2010
Updated with ICC issuing an arrest warrant for Omar al-Bashir. Apr 26, 2010
Country Profile: Updated area and population figures. Mar 12, 2010
In Administration and social conditions section, adjusted the number of states to reflect current status. Feb 25, 2010
Changed "European Community" to "European Union." Jan 08, 2010
Added new Web site: National Geographic - Travel and Cultures - Sudan. Apr 17, 2009
Media added. Mar 23, 2009
Added new Web site: Mayo Clinic - Rabies. Jul 02, 2008
Article revised and updated. Jul 05, 2007
Media added. Jun 17, 2007
Article revised and updated. May 18, 2007
Added new Web site: Official Site of the Embassy of the Republic of Sudan in Japan. Dec 19, 2006
Article revised and updated. Dec 14, 2006
Article revised and updated. Dec 14, 2006
Added new Web site: Library of Congress - Sudan, Syria. Aug 08, 2006
Added new Web site: Central Intelligence Agency - The World Factbook - Sudan. Jul 24, 2006
Added new Web site: Official Site of the Embassy of Sudan in Berlin, Germany. Jun 27, 2006
Added new Web site: Official Site of the Embassy of Sudan in Berlin, Germany. Jun 27, 2006
Media added. Aug 11, 2005
Article revised. Aug 11, 2005
Article revised. Feb 28, 2003
Article added to new online database. Jul 26, 1999
Article revised. Jan 25, 1999
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