Literature

Traditional Thai literature was deeply connected to the literature of both Buddhist and Hindu India. The best-known story of the premodern period—as recounted in sermons by monks and depicted in temple paintings—was that of Prince Wetsandorn (Vessantara). This story is the last and most important of the Jataka tales (i.e., stories about people or animals who were the Buddha in a previous life). Wetsandorn was a prince who was compelled to give away his wife and children to realize the last qualification necessary to be reborn as the Buddha. The gods restored his family to him when he succeeded in proving he had no attachments. Almost as important as this story was that of the Hindu deity Rama as told in the Ramakian, a Thai adaptation of the Hindu epic Ramayana. Rulers since the 15th century have identified themselves with Rama, and the Grand Palace in Bangkok contains extraordinary murals that depict his story.

Alongside the literature derived from Buddhism and India, indigenous literary traditions have always existed in Thailand. Kings were patrons of royal poets, and villages had rich traditions of folklore and legends recited by troubadour-like performers or enacted by local opera troupes. One story with both royal and popular versions is that of Khun Chang and Khun Phaen, two men in competition for the affections of the same woman.

Following the large-scale migration of Chinese to Thailand beginning in the mid-19th century, numerous Chinese assimilated to Thai culture, and a number of well-known works of Chinese traditional literature were translated into Thai. One of the first of these was the Chinese literary work Sanguozhi yanyi (“Romance of the Three Kingdoms”). The story has since been adapted in Thai plays, poems, and stories.

Modern Thai poetry has its origins in the work of Sunthon Phu (1787–1855), whose 30,000-line epic, Phra Aphaimani, named for the central figure, is the country’s best-known work of literature. Echoes of that epic can be found in the writings of contemporary poets such as Naowarat Phongphaiboon, Angkarn Kalayanapong, and Chiranan Pitpreecha, who merge traditional verse forms with Western-influenced styles and themes.

The novel, based on Western models, began to develop in Thailand in the 20th century. The first novels were written in the 1930s by such authors as Dokmai Sot (pen name of Buppha Kunchon) and Siburapha (Kulap Saipradit), both of whom have remained popular in the 21st century. The early audience for fiction was drawn from what was then a tiny middle class. As the economy expanded after World War II, so too did the reading public. The novel Si phaen din (Four Reigns), first published in serial form in the newspaper Siam Rath in 1953, is probably the best-selling Thai novel of all time. The author, Kukrit Pramoj (1911–95), whose title (Mom Rajawong) indicates he was a descendant of a king, later became well-known as a politician (serving as prime minister in the mid-1970s) and as the publisher and editor of Siam Rath. Four Reigns is a portrayal of the experiences of a family under four consecutive kings—from the end of the reign of King Chulalongkorn in 1910 to just after the death of King Ananda in 1946. The story is told from the point of view of a woman, Mae Ploi, who early in life was attached to the royal household and whose family’s history is deeply connected with that of the court. The novel has been considered influential in shaping a positive image of the monarchy.

While much contemporary literature has centred on issues of love and family, topics that are particularly popular among the middle class, Thai authors have also produced works that explore issues of social inequality, sexual exploitation, and political corruption. Much of the writing of Lao Khamhom (Khamsing Srinawk), for instance, focuses on rural people, often carrying a subversive political implication. A wave of writing categorized under the rubric "Literature for Life" appeared in the 1960s and ’70s. Works in this vein were in essence a manifestation of Socialist Realism; although instrumental in catalyzing the toppling of the government in 1973, they were not widely popular.

Since the 1980s, other prose writers, such as Seni Saowaphong and Chart Korbjitti, have also focused on social issues, accumulating large followings within their country and earning literary honours abroad. Chart’s work contrasts notably with that of the Literature for Life authors in that it forces readers to draw their own conclusions from the details rather than blatantly blaming a particular sector of society. Many writers have adapted their work for film.

Drama and film

Dramatic performance has deep roots in Thailand, with traditional genres continuing to be performed even as more-cosmopolitan forms have entered the scene. Khon classical masked dance-drama draws its material exclusively from the Ramakian. A separate genre of classical dance-drama, known as lakhon, also uses the Ramakian, as well as Buddhist Jataka tales, the Inao epic, and other Thai stories, as source material. Performances of traditional regional opera, such as likay in central Thailand and nang (shadow puppet theatre) in southern Thailand, still attract large audiences, despite their having lost some viewers to television and film. Theatre forms based on Western models, which emerged in the 1930s, are also performed, although they have largely been overshadowed by the rise of motion pictures.

Although the Thai film industry has had to compete with movies imported from the West and, more recently, from Japan, South Korea, and China, it has consistently produced films that are popular with the Thai public. The tale of Khun Chang and Khun Phaen has been enacted in plays and in film, and with its many episodes of warfare, encounters with the supernatural, and ribald humour, it can be seen as the forerunner of many of today’s most popular television soap operas. The novel Four Reigns has also been serialized several times on television. Television became accessible to most villagers in the late 20th century, and since that time, audiences have expanded dramatically.

The themes of most Thai movies and television soap operas deal with love triangles or ghosts, or they are action films derived from Western models. Especially prominent among Thailand’s directors is Mom Chao (Prince) Chatrichalerm Yukol, more commonly known by his nickname, Than Mui. In the 1970s and ’80s he produced a number of popular action films that explored the same themes of corruption, environmental degradation, and social inequality as did many fiction writers of the period. Than Mui is best known, however, for his epic films Suriyothai (2001), the story of a 16th-century warrior queen named Suriyothai, and Naresuan (2006), which recounts the life of King Naresuan of late 16th- and early 17th-century Ayutthaya.

Since the turn of the 21st century, Thai films have received increasingly critical and popular attention in the international arena. Wisit Sasanatieng directed the highly regarded Fah talai jone (2000; Tears of the Black Tiger), the story of an outlaw, which parodies other Thai as well as Western action films. Two films directed by Apichatpong Weerasethakul, Sud pralad (2004; Tropical Malady) and Sud sanaeha (2002; Blissfully Yours), were among the first Thai productions to win recognition at the Cannes Film Festival in France. Sud pralad traces the life of a young soldier; while posted up-country he enters into a homosexual romance, then turns to wandering in the jungle, where he is bedeviled by the spirit of a shaman. Sud sanaeha centres on the love between Roong, a Thai girl working in a factory, and Min, a Burmese illegal immigrant. Other Thai films that have found large international audiences include Satri lek (2001; The Iron Ladies), directed by Youngyooth Thongkongthun, which is about a transvestite volleyball team, and Beautiful Boxer (2003), directed by Ekachai Uekrongtham, a semidocumentary account of a famous kickboxer’s decision to undergo a gender-reassignment operation.