Togo: References & Edit History

Additional Reading

Robert Cornevin, Histoire du Togo, 3rd ed. rev. and expanded (1969), covers geography, prehistory, ethnology, and history. Samuel Decalo, Historical Dictionary of Togo, 2nd ed. (1987), is a useful reference with an extensive bibliography. Ethnographic studies include Jean-Claude Froelich, Pierre Alexandre, and Robert Cornevin, Les Populations du Nord-Togo (1963); Raymond Verdier, Le Pays kabiyé (1982); and François de Medeiros (ed.), Peuples du Golfe du Bénin (1984). Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Profile: Togo (annual), contains accurate up-to-date information on the economy, resources, and industry. The political evolution of the country since independence is presented in Samuel Decalo, “The Benevolent General: Military Rule in Togo,” in his Coups and Army Rule in Africa (1976), pp. 87–121; and in the issue titled “Togo Authentique,” Politique Africaine, 27 (September–October 1987). Arthur J. Knoll, Togo Under Imperial Germany, 1884–1914 (1978), is a study of the German colonial era. The transition to independence is covered in Marc Michel, “The Independence of Togo” in Prosser Gifford and William Roger Louis (eds.), Decolonization and African Independence: The Transfers of Power, 1960–1980 (1988), pp. 295–319; and Robert Ajavon, Naissance d’un état africain, le Togo: territoire pilote: lumière et ombre (1951–1958) (1989). Comi M. Toulabor, Le Togo sous Eyadéma (1986); and Andoch Nutépé Bonin, Le Togo du sergent en général (1983), discuss the period of military rule. Additional bibliographical coverage is provided in Samuel Decalo (compiler), Togo (1995).

Samuel Decalo Myron Echenberg

Article History

Type Description Contributor Date
Add new Web site: Minority Rights Group - Togo. Jun 21, 2024
Add new Web site: BBC News - Togo country profile. Nov 17, 2023
Add new Web site: CRW Flags - Flag of Togo. Apr 01, 2023
Add new Web site: StateUniversity.com - Togo. Feb 15, 2023
Add new Web site: GlobalSecurity.org - Togo. Dec 10, 2022
In the History section, updated with Togo joining the Commonwealth in 2022. Jul 15, 2022
Removed media. Sep 29, 2021
Country Profile: Updated head of government. Sep 29, 2020
In the History section, updated with results of the February 2020 presidential election. Mar 05, 2020
Added mention of the 2019 constitutional amendments, the Palais de Lomé museum, and the candidates of the 2020 presidential election. Feb 24, 2020
In the History section, updated with the ongoing unrest and the results of the December 2018 legislative elections, which were boycotted by the opposition. Jan 30, 2019
Add new Web site: Interesting Facts for Kids - Interesting Togo Facts. Jan 18, 2019
Country Profile: Expanded country profile. Sep 07, 2018
Added locator map to the Introduction. Jun 29, 2017
In People section, added data charts. Jun 29, 2017
Media added. Jun 29, 2017
In Economy section, added data charts. Jun 29, 2017
Media added. May 02, 2017
Add new Web site: World InfoZone - Togo. Dec 06, 2016
Country Profile: Head of state and government updated. Jun 12, 2015
In History section, updated with outcome of the April 2015 presidential election. Apr 29, 2015
In History section, updated with events leading up to the April 2015 presidential election. Apr 22, 2015
In Government and society section, updated discussion of political parties. Apr 22, 2015
Add new Web site: Maps of World - Togo. May 15, 2014
Add new Web site: South African History Online - Togo. Jan 10, 2013
Add new Web site: South African History Online - Togo. Jan 10, 2013
Add new Web site: globalEDGE - Togo. Jan 10, 2013
Country Profile: Updated with name of new prime minister. Jul 26, 2012
Deleted map. Mar 02, 2012
Country Profile: Added name of head of state and head of government, along with urban-rural, life expectancy, literacy, and GNI per capita statistics. Mar 01, 2012
Media added. Aug 25, 2011
Media added. Aug 11, 2011
Add new Web site: Iloveindia.com - Togo, Africa. Jul 27, 2011
Add new Web site: Fact Monster - World - Togo, Africa. Jul 26, 2011
Add new Web site: Lonely Planet - Togo, Africa. Apr 07, 2011
National anthem added. Dec 21, 2010
Add new Web site: Lonely Planet - Togo. Aug 26, 2010
Country Profile: Updated area and population figures. Mar 12, 2010
In History section, updated with results of March 2010 presidential election. Mar 10, 2010
In the Land section, added "Togo-Atakora Mountains" as an alternate for "Togo Mountains." Dec 08, 2009
History section thoroughly revised and updated. May 01, 2009
Introduction thoroughly revised and updated. May 01, 2009
Land section thoroughly revised and updated. May 01, 2009
Cultural life section thoroughly revised and updated. May 01, 2009
Bibliography thoroughly revised and updated. May 01, 2009
Administration and social conditions section thoroughly revised and updated. May 01, 2009
People section thoroughly revised and updated. May 01, 2009
Economy section thoroughly revised and updated. May 01, 2009
Added new Web site: National Geographic - Travel and Cultures - Togo. Apr 17, 2009
Added new Web site: How Stuff Works - Geography - Geography of Togo. Jul 07, 2008
Added new Web site: Lonely Planet - Togo. Jul 03, 2008
Added new Web site: Encyclopedia of the Nations - History of Togo. Jan 22, 2008
Article revised and updated. Dec 14, 2006
Added new Web site: Library of Congress - Togo - Selected Internet Resources. Aug 08, 2006
Added new Web site: Central Intelligence Agency - The World Factbook - Togo. Jul 24, 2006
Added new Web site: University of Pennsylvania: African Studies Center - Togo. Jun 22, 2006
Article revised. Feb 16, 2006
Article revised. Apr 22, 2004
Article revised. Mar 10, 2000
Article added to new online database. Jul 26, 1999
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