Utopia Planitia
Utopia Planitia, northern lava plain on the planet Mars that was selected as the landing site of the U.S. Viking 2 planetary probe. Photographs transmitted from the Viking 2 lander, which touched down at 47.97° N, 225.74° W, on September 3, 1976, depicted a boulder-strewn plain that superficially resembles the Viking 1 landing site in Chryse Planitia. Soil-sample analyses conducted by the landers show that the soils at the two sites are nearly identical in composition, which is probably the result of a mixing of windblown dust from wide regions of the planet. The Utopia plain differs from the Chryse area in that it has a system of shallow troughs, which may be associated with ice-wedge activity as a result of permafrost. Vesicular boulders—i.e., those with small gas-formed pits, indicative of a volcanic origin—observed by the lander at the Utopia site may be either local lavas or rocks ejected from the nearby impact crater Mie.
Images from the Viking 2 lander showed the persistence of a thin layer of white ground frost, composed of water ice, for about 100 days during each of the two Martian winters observed. The frost is probably first precipitated together with carbon dioxide, which then sublimes in the sunlight, leaving only the water portion.